Topic 6 Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
aios
A
i spelt adios wrong
lol
2
Q
What is acetylcholine?
A
A neurotransmitter for communication between neurones
3
Q
What is actin?
A
A protein filament in myofibrils forming thin filaments
4
Q
What is an actinomyosin bridge?
A
Cross-bridge formed when myosin head attaches to actin
5
Q
What is an action potential?
A
Temporary change in electrical potential across an axon membrane
6
Q
What is adenylate cyclase?
A
Enzyme converting ATP to cAMP
7
Q
What is adrenaline?
A
Hormone increasing blood glucose under stress
8
Q
What is an afferent arteriole?
A
Vessel supplying blood to the nephron
9
Q
What is the all-or-nothing principle?
A
Stimuli above threshold generate same size action potential
10
Q
What are anisotropic (A) bands?
A
Darker bands in myofibrils with overlapping actin and myosin
11
Q
What are antagonistic muscles?
A
Muscle pairs working in opposite directions
12
Q
What is ADH?
A
Hormone increasing water permeability in distal tubules and collecting ducts
13
Q
What is the ascending limb?
A
Limb of Henle impermeable to water
14
Q
What is the atrioventricular node (AVN)?
A
Cells slowing excitation wave between atria and ventricles
15
Q
What is the atrioventricular septum?
A
Non-conductive tissue between right atrium and left ventricle
16
Q
What is the autonomic nervous system?
A
Motor system controlling involuntary activities
17
Q
What are auxins?
A
Plant hormones controlling cell elongation
18
Q
What is an axon?
A
Fibre conducting nerve impulses away from the cell body
19
Q
What is the bundle of His?
A
Purkyne fibres from AVN to ventricle apex
20
Q
What is the cell body?
A
Neurone region with organelles
21
Q
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
A
Brain and spinal cord
22
Q
What is a chemoreceptor?
A
Receptor detecting blood pH changes
23
Q
What is a cholinergic synapse?
A
Synapse using acetylcholine neurotransmitter
24
Q
What is the collecting duct?
A
Nephron region collecting urine
25
What are cone cells?
Light receptor cells for high intensity light and colour vision
26
What is a control mechanism?
Self-regulating system with optimum
27
What is a coordinator?
Coordinates receptor information and sends instructions to effectors
28
What is cAMP?
Second messenger activating protein kinase
29
What are dendrites?
Short cell body extensions receiving nerve impulses
30
What are dendrons?
Extensions of the cell body branching into dendrites
31
What is depolarisation?
Temporary change in membrane potential
32
What is the descending limb?
Limb of Henle permeable to water
33
What is diabetes?
Disorder of metabolism with unregulated blood glucose
34
What is the distal convoluted tubule?
Nephron region controlling blood pH and reabsorbing ions
35
What is an effector?
Organ
36
What is an efferent arteriole?
Vessel carrying blood away from glomerulus
37
What is an excitatory synapse?
Synapse producing new action potentials
38
What are fast-twitch muscle fibres?
Muscle fibres for rapid
39
What is a feedback mechanism?
Mechanism detecting changes brought by the effector
40
What is the fovea?
Retina point with highest light intensity
41
What is a generator potential?
Depolarisation of sensory receptor membrane
42
What is glomerular filtrate?
Fluid from ultrafiltration of blood into renal capsule
43
What is the glomerulus?
Capillary bundle for blood filtration in renal capsule
44
What is glucagon?
Hormone increasing blood glucose
45
What is gluconeogenesis?
Glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources
46
What is glycogenesis?
Glycogen formation from glucose
47
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen breakdown into glucose
48
What is gravitropism?
Plant growth response to gravity
49
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of constant internal environment
50
What are hormones?
Cell signalling molecules from endocrine glands
51
What is hyperpolarisation?
Decrease in membrane potential
52
What is the hypothalamus?
Brain region regulating body temperature and water potential
53
What is the H-zone?
Lighter region in the center of A band
54
What is IAA?
Plant growth factor controlling cell elongation
55
What is an inhibitory synapse?
Synapse decreasing action potential likelihood
56
What is insulin?
Hormone decreasing blood glucose
57
What is an intermediate neurone?
Neurone linking sensory and motor neurones
58
What is iodopsin?
Pigment in cone cells
59
What are islets of Langerhans?
Hormone-producing cells in the pancreas
60
What are isotropic (I) bands?
Lighter bands with non-overlapping actin and myosin
61
What is kinesis?
Non-directional response changing speed and direction
62
What is the loop of Henle?
Loop creating low water potential in medulla
63
What is the medulla oblongata?
Brain part controlling heart rate
64
What is a motor neurone?
Neurone carrying impulses from CNS to effectors
65
What is a myelin sheath?
Insulating layer increasing nerve impulse speed
66
What are myofibrils?
Contractile muscle fibres
67
What is myogenic?
Cardiac muscle initiating its own contraction
68
What is myosin?
Protein filament forming thick filaments
69
What is a myosin binding site?
Site on actin exposed during muscle contraction
70
What is negative feedback?
Feedback inhibiting original stimulus
71
What is negative tropism?
Growth away from a stimulus
72
What is a nephron?
Functional unit of the kidney
73
What is a nerve impulse?
Wave of depolarisation across an axon membrane
74
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Excitatory synapse between motor neurone and muscle fibre
75
What are neurones?
Nerve cells transmitting nerve impulses
76
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals for communication between neurones
77
What are nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials occur
78
What is the optic nerve?
Nerve carrying impulses from retina to brain
79
What is the optimum point?
Point where a system works most effectively
80
What are osmoreceptors?
Receptor cells detecting water potential decrease
81
What is osmoregulation?
Regulation of blood water potential by the kidney
82
What is a Pacinian corpuscle?
Sensory receptor detecting mechanical pressure
83
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Autonomic system active under resting conditions
84
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Nerves carrying impulses to and from CNS
85
What is phosphocreatine?
Compound storing phosphate for ATP regeneration
86
What is phototropism?
Plant growth response to light
87
What are plant growth factors?
Hormone-like substances controlling plant growth
88
What is polarisation?
Condition of -65mV membrane potential
89
What is positive feedback?
Feedback enhancing original stimulus
90
What is positive tropism?
Growth towards a stimulus
91
What is the posterior pituitary gland?
Gland secreting ADH
92
What is a postsynaptic neurone?
Neurone after synapse with neurotransmitter receptors
93
What are pressure receptors?
Receptors detecting blood pressure changes
94
What is a presynaptic neurone?
Neurone releasing neurotransmitters
95
What is protein kinase?
Enzyme converting glycogen to glucose
96
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
Nephron region reabsorbing glucose and water
97
What is Purkyne tissue?
Cardiac muscle fibres conducting excitation wave
98
What is a receptor?
Structure detecting a specific stimulus
99
What is a reflex?
Rapid
100
What is a reflex arc?
Pathway of neurones in a reflex action
101
What is a refractory period?
Time preventing further action potentials
102
What is the renal capsule?
Cup-like structure surrounding glomerulus
103
What is repolarisation?
Re-establishment of resting potential
104
What is a response?
Change in an organism due to a stimulus
105
What is resting potential?
-65mV potential across an axon membrane
106
What is the retina?
Eye layer with light receptor cells
107
What is rhodopsin?
Pigment in rod cells
108
What are rod cells?
Light receptor cells for low intensity light
109
What is saltatory conduction?
Nerve impulse jumping between nodes of Ranvier
110
What is a sarcomere?
Repeating unit between Z-lines
111
What is sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm shared by muscle fibres
112
What are Schwann cells?
Cells wrapping around axon
113
What is the second messenger model?
Hormone effect via second messenger like cAMP
114
What is a sensory neurone?
Neurone carrying impulses from receptors to CNS
115
What is the sinoatrial node (SAN)?
Cells generating electrical activity in the heart
116
What is skeletal muscle?
Voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
117
What is the sliding filament theory?
Muscle contraction by actin sliding along myosin
118
What are slow-twitch muscle fibres?
Muscle fibres for slow
119
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
Protein transporting sodium out and potassium in
120
What is spatial summation?
Multiple presynaptic neurones releasing neurotransmitters
121
What is a stimulus?
Change in internal or external environment
122
What are stretch-mediated sodium channels?
Channels changing permeability upon distortion
123
What is summation?
Build-up of neurotransmitters triggering action potential
124
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Autonomic system active under stress
125
What is the synaptic cleft?
Gap between neurones for neurotransmitter transmission
126
What are synaptic vesicles?
Vesicles storing neurotransmitters
127
What are target cells?
Cells with receptors complementary to hormones
128
What is taxis?
Directional response towards or away from a stimulus
129
What is temporal summation?
Single presynaptic neurone releasing neurotransmitters at high frequency
130
What is a threshold value?
Stimulus size required for action potential
131
What are transducer cells?
Cells converting energy into electrical signals
132
What is tropism?
Plant growth response to a directional stimulus
133
What is tropomyosin?
Protein wrapping around actin filament
134
What is Type I diabetes?
Insulin-dependent diabetes
135
What is Type II diabetes?
Insulin-independent diabetes
136
What is unidirectionality?
Synaptic transmission in one direction
137
What is visual acuity?
Clarity of vision
138
What is a Z-line?
Line in the center of I band
