Test92: Incorrect Flashcards
what is holoprosencephaly? when does this occur
incomplete division of forebrain
- weeks 5-6
Heleprosencephaly is an example of what type of mechanism
malformation
what is malformation
intrinsic defect in cells or tissues that form a structure, leading to downstream effects
agenesis
absent organ due to absent primordial tissue
deformation
extrinsic disruption; after embryonic period
disruption
secondary breakdown of a previously normal tissue or structure
chest tube for drainage of pleural effusion at 5th intercostal space on mid axillary line goes through what msucles
- serratus anterior muscles
- intercostal muscles
- parietal pleura
what is not functioning in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Both T and B cells
- T cell unable to recognize actin cytoskeleton
What is PCR used for and how
amplify small fragments of DNA by repeated replication
In PCE primers are required that are complementary to what
regions of DNA flanking the segment of interest
how is spina bifida inherited
mulitfactorial condition
What are multfactorial diseases
- spina bifida
- cleft lip and palate
- diabetes mellitus
- coronary artery disease
- hypertension
How is myoclonic epilepsy and lever hereditary optic neuropathy inherited
mitochondiral DNA from mother
how is sickle cell anemia inherited
autosomal recessive
MOA for Trimethoprim
inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase
- reducing bacteria’s ability to synthesize thymidine
MOA for Tacrolimus
- inhibits calcineurin, ( protein involved in activation of transcription factors related to T lymphocyte proliferation)
First line treatment for trigmeinal neuralgia? MOA?
Carbaamazepine: decrease sodium current
Someone who produces repetitive, unilateral, shooting pain in the distribution of CN V that last for greater than a minute
trigeminal neuralgia
Patient has several-week history of depressed mood, loss of interest, fatigue, hypersonic, poor concentration, weight loss, and thoughts of death has
major depressive disorder
First line therapy for major depressive disorder
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
what are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
FLashbacks PARalyze SEnior CITizens
- Fluoxetine
- Paroxetine
- Sertraline
- Citalopram
MOA for serotonin reuptkae inhibitors
blocks serotonin transporters
Valsalva increases what? to abolish what?
- vagal tone
- paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
what happens to preload if you increase intrathoracic pressure
- decrease preload
Immunization with diphtheria toxoid induces production of what
IgG against exotoxin B subunit
what is phencyclidine
PCP
Distinguishing features of PCP
ataxia, nystagmus and memory loss
Patient has combative behavior, confusion, and hallucinations accompanied by nystagmus and ataxia on PE, what overdose of what
phencyclidine PCP
MOA for Phencyclidine
N-methyl-Daspartate receptor antagonist
Glomerulonephritis, photosensitive skin rash, and arthraligas in a young women indicate
SLE
having antiphospholipid antibodies can cause what
- paradoxical aPTT prolongation
- false-positive RPR/VDRL
lab testing for antiphospholipid syndrome
- false positive VDRL/RPR
- prolonged PTT
how is diagnosis for antiphospholipid syndrome
- history of thrombosis
2. spontaneous absorption
RBC filled with multiple, smaller rings suggests
Plasmodium malaria (trophozoite)
Primiquine is special to kill what
P vivax
P ovale
treatment of choice for malaria. if there is resistence, what else do you use
- chloroquine
- mefloquine
why can clindamycin be used against alcoholic apsiration
good against oral anaerobes and aerobic
Immunocompromised patient has fever, headache with ring-enhancing lesion on brain MRI, respiratory symptoms with pulmonary nodules, and sputum studies revealing branching gram-positive organism
Nocardia
Best way to prevent tetanus
Vaccine!!
Like vaccine mother and not prophylactic antibiotics
What can cause neonatal tetanus
- unhygienic deliveries or cord care
glucose-6-phosphate catalyzses conversion of what
- glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone
What is the point of the pentose phosphate shunt
generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
what do RBC use NADPH for
maintain steady supply of glutathione
Reed-Sternberg cell is diagnostic for what
Hodgkin lymphoma
what age do people get Hodgkin lymphoma
Bimodal
what causes direct hernias
weakness of transversals fascia
what covers direct hernias
spermatic fascia
how can renal plasma flow be determined from renal blood flow ?
(renal blood flow)( 1-hematocrit)
superior gluteal nerve innervates
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fasciae latae muscles
Femoral nerve does what motor
- flex thigh
- extend leg
injury to obturator nerve causes
impaired thigh adduction and medial thigh sensory loss
Sciatic nerve innervates what muscles of thigh
hamstring
Anal fissures most commonly occur where
- posterior midline distal to the dentate line
female with menorrhagia and epistaxis will have what platelet disorder
von Willebrand disease
von Willebrand disease binds what
platelet glycoprotein to subendothelial collagen on injured blood vessel walls
D-xylose is what type of sugar
monosaccharide
what type of molecules is useful for treating visceral nausea due to GI insults?
serotonin receptor antagonists
what drugs are good for vestibular nausea
- antihistamines
- anticholinergics
what drug is good for nausea associated with migraine
dopamine
for class 1 antiarrhythmics, sodium-channel-binding strength is ranked what
1C > 1A > 1B
patient with respiratory failure, hypoxia, and thickened branchial walls with neutrophilic infiltrates, lymphatic infiltration, patchy squamous metaplasia on bronchial mucosa and mucous glands enlargement has what
chronic bronchitis
leading cause of chronic bronchitis
smoking
working in a nickel factory can expose you to what
silica dust exposure
What medication selectively binds to Interleukin-1 inducible enzyme that is highly expressed by inflammatory cells and undetectable in surrounding normal tissue
Celecoxib
where is COX-2 usually gound
inflammatory cells
main MOA of progestins in contraceptives is
decrease FSH and LH
Progesterone withdrawal causes endometrial cells to undergo what process, causing?
apoptosis
- menstrual bleeding
what does parasympathetics do to bladder
- detrusor muscle contraction
- internal urethral sphincter relaxation
initial process involved in pathogenesis of infective endocarditis is disruption of what? then what follows
- disruption of normal endocardial surface
- forming sterile fibrin-platelet nidus
what is pure red cell aplasia
- anemia with low reticulocyte count
- hypoplasia of marrow erythroid elements
- normal platelets and WBC
what does pyruvate kinase convert
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
- creates ATP
What part of the spleen is part of the removal of RBC
- red pulp
