Test 62: All Flashcards
What is the most common path of embolus to retinal artery
- internal carotid artery,
- ophthalmic artery
- retinal artery
toxic shock syndrome toxins releases what type of antigen
superantigen
Superantigens bind to what
MHC on APC and variable region of Lymphocytes
- release IL-2 and IL-1
Genetic composition of Dengue fever
single-stranded RNA virus with 4 different serotypes
compare primary and secondary infection with Dengue
Primary: asymptomatic or self-limited
Secondary: infection with different serotype, more severe illness
Formula for incidence
(# of new cases) / (# people at risk)
What is required to convert pyruvate to lactate
NAD
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate converts to what via
1-3-bisphosphoglycerate via NAD
Keratin is a cell marker for what cell origin
Epithelial cell origin
Patient presenting with involuntary movements, depression, and a family history of a movement disorder has what
Huntington disease
Pleiotropy
one gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects
Mosaicism
presence of genetically distinct cell lines in same individual
Trinucleotide expansion occurs during what transmission in Huntington
Paternal
Chromosomes 21 codes for what protein that is connected to Alzheimers
Amyloid precursor protein
what causes error in RNA polymerase in Hepatitis C
no proofreading 3’ –>5’ exonuclease activity
What is Alkapotnuria
AR: deficiency of homogentisate oxidase which allows tyrosine to fumarate
- accumulation of homogentisic acid
clinical features of Alkaptonuria
- black urine color when exposed to air,
- blue-black pigmentation nf face
- orchronotic arthropathy
Valine to glutamate
sickle cell anemia
Leucine to acetoacetate
maple syrup urine disease
In Babesiosis what does peripheral blood smear show
intraerythrocytic organisms
Aedes mosquito is a vector for
- dengue fever
2. chikungunya
What are Potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis intracellularly and extracellularly
intra: decreased
extra: normal or increased
Pyridoxine ( B6 vitamin) is necessary for what processes for gluconeogensis
- transamination
2. decarboxylation of amino acids
Transamination reactions occur between what
amino acid and alpha-ketoacid
How does L5 Radiolupathy present in patient
- back pain radiating down leg with sensory loss over buttocks, lateral thigh and calk, and dorsal foot
- Weakness of foot dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion, and toe extension
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency blocks what
conversion of kininogen to bradykinin
- increase bradykinin
What does ACE do to bradykinin levels
degrades bradykinin
MOA for Tamoxifen
selective estrogen receptor modulators
- estrogen agonist on uterus
- estrogen antagonist at breast
What is seen in primary and secondary m. tuberculosis in lung
primary: Ghon foci in lower lobes
Secondary: apical cavitary lesion
Inulin clearance can be used to calculate what value
GFR
High altitude exposure results in what
hypoxemia with respiratory alkalosis
Define Bulimia nervosa
recurrent binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors
- usually normal weight
factitious disorder is what
intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological symptoms for purpose of assuming sick role
What are melanocytes derived from
neural crest cells
Reaction formation
defense mechanism that involves replacing unacceptable feelings and impulses with their extreme opposites
Splitting
seeing others as all bad or all good
Suppression
Putting unwanted feelings aside to cope with reality
Projection
Attributing one’s own feelings to others
Displacement
transferring feelings to a more acceptable object
MOA for Niacin
- decreases hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and VLDL
- reduces clearance of HDL
Risk factor for taking Niacin
- decrease renal excretion of uric acid
- precipitating acute gouty arthritis
What nerve goes through obturator foramen
obtruator nerve
what happens when you hurt the obturator nerve
- weakness on thigh adduction
- sensory loss over distal medial thigh
ventral posterior lateral nucleus receives input from where
- spinothalamic tract
2. dorsal columns
ventral posterior medial nucleus receives input from
trigeminal pathway
If patient is deaf, what do you do for communication
1st: interpreter
2nd: use other tools like writing
Bipolar 1
- manic episodes
- depressive episodes not required but common
Bipolar II
Hypomanic episodes
MOA of Bosentan
competitive antagonist of endothelin receptors used for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Inherited or acquired hypertriglyceridemia with triglyceride levels exceeding over 1000 mg/dL, what organ can be damaged
acute pancreatitis
after 12-18 hours of fasting, what is the principal source of blood glucose
- gluconeogenesis
What is the primary source of glucose for the first 12-18 hours of fasting
glycogenolsys
