Test 27: Immunology/Microbiology Flashcards
acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is what type of hypersensitivity? Caused by
Type II
pre-existing anti-ABO antibodies
what is the clinical presentation for acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
- fever and chills
- Chest and/or back pain
- hemoglobinuria
hemoglobinuria
red-to-brown colored urine
Acute hemolytic reactions occur within what timeframe
minutes to hours of staring blood transfusion
What do you do if you realize a patient has acute hemolytic reactions
immediate cessation of transfusion
Type II hypersensitivity activates what process
complement
role of C3a and C5a
vasodilation and symptoms of shock
role or MAC (C5b-C9)
complement-mediated cell lysis
Humoral component for Type I Hypersensitivity
IgE
Humoral component for Type II Hypersensitivity
IgG
IgM
Humoral component for Type III hypersensitivity
antibody-antigen complexes
Humoral component for Type IV hypersensitivity
NONE
Cellular component: T-cell & macrophages
Major adaptive immune mechanisms that prevent reinfection with influenza virus include what?
anti-hemagglutinin antibodies
What is the function of meningococcal pili (fimbriae)
bacterial attachment to epithelial surfaces
Meningococci (Niesseria meningitidis) attach to and conolize where
pharynx via pilus-mediated adherence to mucosal epithelial cells
What allows Niesseria Meningititidis to destroy mucosal antibodies
produced IgA protease
- inhibits bacterial attachment and penetration
What is the impact of Epstein-Barr virus on B cells
- infect them
- proliferate B cells continuously (immortalization)
- Then infected B cells maintain ability to secrete immunoglobulins
How do you test for EBV
Monospot test: heterophile IgM antibodes detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBC
What are cryoglobulins? It can detect what virus
cold-precipitable serum proteins that contain Igs
-Hep C infection
What is Hemadsorption
hemagglutinins or glycoproteins with high affinity for erythrocytes expressed on the host cell surface.
Papanicolaou test is used to screen what
cervical cytology specimens for dysplasia caused by oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus
How do you use Tzanck smear
scrape ulcer base, prepare with Wright-Giemsa stain
When are interferons alpha and beta produced
by most human cells in response to viral infections
Role of interferon alpha and beta
suppress viral replication by halting protein synthesis and promoting apoptosis of infected cells
Interferon gamma is produced by who
T cells and NK cells
Role of interferon gamma
- promotes Th1 differentiation
- increases expression of class II MHC molecules
- improves intracellular killing ability of macrophages
Streptococcus gallolyticus former name
Strep. bovis
Strep. gallolyticus causes what? associates with what
bacteremia and subacute endocarditis (no preexisting valvular abnormality)
-associated with colon cancer
How is Strep. viridans impact the heart
subacute bacterial endocarditis following dental work
how does staph aureus impact heart
right-sided endocarditis
onset of acute transplant rejection
weeks to months
What is used to prevent acute transplant rejection
calcineurin inhibitors
-cyclosporine or tacrolimus
What is used to treat acute transplant rejection
systemic corticosteroids
What is the pathogenesis for hyperacute transplant rejection
Preformed antibodies against graft in recipient’s circulation
What happens to the organ in acute transplant rejection
- mononuclear infiltrate on histopathology
- graft dysfunction
What is the cellular component of acute transplant rejection
host T-lymphocytes sensitization against graft (foreign) MHC antigens
What is graft T-cell sensitization against Host MHC antigens
graft vs. host disease
- after bone marrow transplant
Chronic renal allograft rejection is characterized in the patient as ( kidney transplant)
- worsening hypertension
- progressive rise in serum creatinine