Test74: All Flashcards
Histoplasma capsulatum is located where
within macrophages
what systems does histoplasma capsulatum affect
lungs and reticuloendothelial
Where does Histoplasma capsulate occur
Mississippi and Ohio River basins
Multinucleated spherules
Coccidioides immitis
Budding yeast with a thick capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudohypae and blastoconidia
Candida
Septate hyphae with dichotomous branching
Aspergillus fumigatus
Define Confounding bias
exposure-disease relationship is muddied by the effect of an extraneous factor that has correlations with both the exposure and disease
- false association of an exposure with a disease
Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic pattern
Paget disease
Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae
Vitamin D deficiency
Spongiosa filling medullary canals with no mature trabeculae
Osteopetrosis
Trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections
Osteroporosis
What is the most common cause of hydatid cysts in liver
Echinococcus granulosus
Spilling of cyst contents from hydatid cysts cases wha
anaphylasis
Treatment for Echinoccus granulosus
Albendazole
Most common cause of cystic fibrosis
3-base pair deletion in CFTR gene at amino acid position Ph508
What is wrong in CFTR in cystic fibrosis
- impairs posttranslational porcessing
polyadenylation
a tail comprised of multiple adenosine nucleotides is added to the 3’ end of new mRNA transcript
Cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase what does it do?
converts Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA during rate limiting step of de novo fatty acid synthesis
What does cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibit?
mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase, therefore inhibiting beta-oxidation of newly formed fatty acids
Malonyl-CoA inhibits what
carnitine acyltransferase - prevent fatty acid breakdown
What is cirnitine and what is it used for
amino acid
- transport of fatty acids through mitochondrial membrane
What part of the TCA cycle can form fatty acids
citrate
major pathogen in burn patients
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
CAMPFIRE Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Monobactams Polymyxins Fluroquinolones thIRd and 4th generation cephalosporins Extended-spectrum penicillins
Can Moxifloxacin treat Pseudomonas
No, Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are better
First aortic arch
maxillary artery
CN V
second aortic arch
stapedial artery ( regresses in humans)
hyoid artery
CNII
5th aortic arch
regesses so nothing
3rth aortic arch
- Common Carotid
- Internal carotid
CNIX
4th aortic arch
ture aortic arch
- portion of subclavian arteries
CNX
6th aortic arch
pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
CNX
What is a common cause of Hep A. outbreaks in the US
raw or steamed shellfish
Boiled eggs insufficiently cooked has what risk of infection
Salmonella
Tissue hypoxia impairs what process in cells
oxidative phosphorylation
- causes shunting of pyruvate to lactate
Elderly patient with dementia or hemiparesis may have dysphagia, this is a risk factor for?
aspiration pneumonia
Unprovoked syncope in a previously asymptomatic young person can have what inherited heart probelm
QT prolongation syndrome
What are 2 syndromes with QT prolongatoin
- Romano-Ward syndrome
2. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome
autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype ( no deafness)
Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome
autosomal recessive, sensorinerual deafness
What decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization and heart rate via SA and AV nodes? its a molecule
ACh and adenosine
How does adenosine prolong phase 4
increase potassium conductance
Muscle spindle system
feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle length
Golgi tendon system
feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle force
- senstive to increase in muscle tension
- insensitive to passive stretch
alpha-detla fibers detect what
temperature and nociceptive stimuli
what causes increase expiratory flow rates in restrictive lung disease
- increase lung elastic recoil
- increase air widening due to radial traction ( outward pulling)
finding of Auer rods is a diagnosis for what
acute myeloid leukemia
mitochondiral vacuolization is what type of cell injury
irreversible
organ susceptibility to infarction after occlusion of a feeding artery is ranked from greatest to least as follows:
- central nervous system
- myocardium
- kidney
- spleen
- liver ( b/c of dual blood supply)
Who supplies blood to the AV node
posterior descending artery via AV nodal artery
Berry aneurysms are associated with what other human problems
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
2. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Lansoprazole is what type of drug?
proton pump inhibitor
- blocks final common pathway of gastric acid secretion from parietal cells which is stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin
Kegal exercises targets what muscles
Levator ani muscles
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- puborectalis
MOA for Raloxifene
selective estrogen receptor modulator
- Bone: agonist
- mammary tissue: antagonist
Horizontal transection of rectus abdomens muscle during C-section must be performed with caution, why?
inferior epigastric arteries enter this muscle at level of arcuate line
- no supporting posterior rectus sheath below arcuate line
Glargine and detemir insulin
basal long-acting insulins
NPH insulin is good for what
18 hours
2 shots a day
Lispro, aspart, and glulisine
short acting insulins
MOA for Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and empagliflozen
block reabsorption of glucose in PCT
Posterior cerebral artery comes off of what artery and supplies what nerve
basilar artery
III and IV
what antibiotic can lead to dose dependent cytopenias and dose independent aplastic anemia
chloramphenicol
MOA of Chloramphenicol
blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit
- bacteriostatic
Which antibiotic has adverse effects of increased creatinine phosphokinase levels and increased incidence of myopathy
Daptomycin
MOA for Daptomycin
lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane of gram + cocci
what is daptomycin usually used for
- S. aureus skin infections (MRSA)
- bacteremia
- endocarditis
- VRE
When should Daptomycin not be used
pneumonia
- avidly binds to and is inactivated by surfactant
What nerve is resoponsible for external hemorrhoids
inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve
