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Uworld > Test74: All > Flashcards

Test74: All Flashcards

1
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is located where

A

within macrophages

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2
Q

what systems does histoplasma capsulatum affect

A

lungs and reticuloendothelial

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3
Q

Where does Histoplasma capsulate occur

A

Mississippi and Ohio River basins

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4
Q

Multinucleated spherules

A

Coccidioides immitis

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5
Q

Budding yeast with a thick capsule

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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6
Q

Pseudohypae and blastoconidia

A

Candida

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7
Q

Septate hyphae with dichotomous branching

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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8
Q

Define Confounding bias

A

exposure-disease relationship is muddied by the effect of an extraneous factor that has correlations with both the exposure and disease

  • false association of an exposure with a disease
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9
Q

Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

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10
Q

Lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic pattern

A

Paget disease

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11
Q

Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae

A

Vitamin D deficiency

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12
Q

Spongiosa filling medullary canals with no mature trabeculae

A

Osteopetrosis

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13
Q

Trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections

A

Osteroporosis

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of hydatid cysts in liver

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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15
Q

Spilling of cyst contents from hydatid cysts cases wha

A

anaphylasis

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16
Q

Treatment for Echinoccus granulosus

A

Albendazole

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17
Q

Most common cause of cystic fibrosis

A

3-base pair deletion in CFTR gene at amino acid position Ph508

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18
Q

What is wrong in CFTR in cystic fibrosis

A
  • impairs posttranslational porcessing
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19
Q

polyadenylation

A

a tail comprised of multiple adenosine nucleotides is added to the 3’ end of new mRNA transcript

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20
Q

Cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase what does it do?

A

converts Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA during rate limiting step of de novo fatty acid synthesis

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21
Q

What does cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibit?

A

mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase, therefore inhibiting beta-oxidation of newly formed fatty acids

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22
Q

Malonyl-CoA inhibits what

A

carnitine acyltransferase - prevent fatty acid breakdown

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23
Q

What is cirnitine and what is it used for

A

amino acid

- transport of fatty acids through mitochondrial membrane

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24
Q

What part of the TCA cycle can form fatty acids

A

citrate

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25
Q

major pathogen in burn patients

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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26
Q

Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A 
CAMPFIRE
Carbapenems 
Aminoglycosides
Monobactams
Polymyxins 
Fluroquinolones 
thIRd and 4th generation cephalosporins 
Extended-spectrum penicillins
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27
Q

Can Moxifloxacin treat Pseudomonas

A

No, Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are better

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28
Q

First aortic arch

A

maxillary artery

CN V

29
Q

second aortic arch

A

stapedial artery ( regresses in humans)
hyoid artery
CNII

30
Q

5th aortic arch

A

regesses so nothing

31
Q

3rth aortic arch

A
  • Common Carotid
  • Internal carotid
    CNIX
32
Q

4th aortic arch

A

ture aortic arch
- portion of subclavian arteries
CNX

33
Q

6th aortic arch

A

pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

CNX

34
Q

What is a common cause of Hep A. outbreaks in the US

A

raw or steamed shellfish

35
Q

Boiled eggs insufficiently cooked has what risk of infection

A

Salmonella

36
Q

Tissue hypoxia impairs what process in cells

A

oxidative phosphorylation

- causes shunting of pyruvate to lactate

37
Q

Elderly patient with dementia or hemiparesis may have dysphagia, this is a risk factor for?

A

aspiration pneumonia

38
Q

Unprovoked syncope in a previously asymptomatic young person can have what inherited heart probelm

A

QT prolongation syndrome

39
Q

What are 2 syndromes with QT prolongatoin

A
  1. Romano-Ward syndrome

2. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

40
Q

Romano-Ward syndrome

A

autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype ( no deafness)

41
Q

Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome

A

autosomal recessive, sensorinerual deafness

42
Q

What decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization and heart rate via SA and AV nodes? its a molecule

A

ACh and adenosine

43
Q

How does adenosine prolong phase 4

A

increase potassium conductance

44
Q

Muscle spindle system

A

feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle length

45
Q

Golgi tendon system

A

feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle force

  • senstive to increase in muscle tension
  • insensitive to passive stretch
46
Q

alpha-detla fibers detect what

A

temperature and nociceptive stimuli

47
Q

what causes increase expiratory flow rates in restrictive lung disease

A
  • increase lung elastic recoil

- increase air widening due to radial traction ( outward pulling)

48
Q

finding of Auer rods is a diagnosis for what

A

acute myeloid leukemia

49
Q

mitochondiral vacuolization is what type of cell injury

A

irreversible

50
Q

organ susceptibility to infarction after occlusion of a feeding artery is ranked from greatest to least as follows:

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. myocardium
  3. kidney
  4. spleen
  5. liver ( b/c of dual blood supply)
51
Q

Who supplies blood to the AV node

A

posterior descending artery via AV nodal artery

52
Q

Berry aneurysms are associated with what other human problems

A
  1. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

2. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

53
Q

Lansoprazole is what type of drug?

A

proton pump inhibitor
- blocks final common pathway of gastric acid secretion from parietal cells which is stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin

54
Q

Kegal exercises targets what muscles

A

Levator ani muscles

  1. iliococcygeus
  2. pubococcygeus
  3. puborectalis
55
Q

MOA for Raloxifene

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator

  • Bone: agonist
  • mammary tissue: antagonist
56
Q

Horizontal transection of rectus abdomens muscle during C-section must be performed with caution, why?

A

inferior epigastric arteries enter this muscle at level of arcuate line
- no supporting posterior rectus sheath below arcuate line

57
Q

Glargine and detemir insulin

A

basal long-acting insulins

58
Q

NPH insulin is good for what

A

18 hours

2 shots a day

59
Q

Lispro, aspart, and glulisine

A

short acting insulins

60
Q

MOA for Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and empagliflozen

A

block reabsorption of glucose in PCT

61
Q

Posterior cerebral artery comes off of what artery and supplies what nerve

A

basilar artery

III and IV

62
Q

what antibiotic can lead to dose dependent cytopenias and dose independent aplastic anemia

A

chloramphenicol

63
Q

MOA of Chloramphenicol

A

blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit

- bacteriostatic

64
Q

Which antibiotic has adverse effects of increased creatinine phosphokinase levels and increased incidence of myopathy

A

Daptomycin

65
Q

MOA for Daptomycin

A

lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane of gram + cocci

66
Q

what is daptomycin usually used for

A
  • S. aureus skin infections (MRSA)
  • bacteremia
  • endocarditis
  • VRE
67
Q

When should Daptomycin not be used

A

pneumonia

- avidly binds to and is inactivated by surfactant

68
Q

What nerve is resoponsible for external hemorrhoids

A

inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve

Uworld (63 decks)

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