Test 26: Immunology/Microbiology Flashcards
Neurofibrillary tangles in neocortex are seen in what disease
Alzheimer
Loss of neurons in substantia nigra is characteristic of what disease
Parkinson disease
Atrophy of caudate nucleus is seen in what disease
Huntington disease
Posterior column degeneration is seen in what
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Syphilis
Presence of Lewy bodies is characteristic of what
Parkinsonism
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
- how is it inherited
autosomal recessive
Ataxia-Telangiectasia clinical symptoms
- cerebellar ataxia
- oculocutaneous telangiectasias
- repeated sinopulmonary infections
- increased incidence of malignancy
What is the most common eye-related complication of congenital cytomegalovirus
Chorioretinitis
When is the highest risk of transmission of CMV during pregnancy
first trimester
What is choroidal nevus
- eye freckle
- non hereditary
- benign pigmented area underneath the retina
classic triad for rubella infection
- congenital cataracts
- Sensory neural defect
- Patent ductus arteriosus
How do humans get Schistosomoiasis
freshwater sources that contain snails infected with Schistosoma larvae.
what do
S. Japonicum
S. Mansoni
S haematobium cause
S. Japonicum and S. Mansoni cause intestinal and hepatic schistosomiasis
S. haematobium causes urinary schistosomiasis (mild bilateral hydronephrosis and bladder wall thickening)
what is the immune response for Schistosomiasis
Th2-mediated granulomatous response directed against the egg
Bata are a major reservoir for what virus
rabies virus
What dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the most common cause of what
hydatid cysts in humans
Infection of human tapeworm usually results in
Vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia
Location of S. Haematobium
North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Middle East
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are strongly immunogenic in who and what response do they get
infancy due to B and T cell recruitment
Insect sting results in what type of hypersensitivity reaction
Type I
Describe the cutaneous findings consistent with a wheal
single lesion of urticaria ( erythematous papule or plaque with central pallor)
In insect sting, Antibody class switches to what
IgE
Where can lysozymes be found
tears
saliva
granules in neutrophils
function of lysozyme
hydrolyzing bonds in the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacterial organisms
who produces TNF-alpha
macrophages and mast cells
Function of TNF-alpha
- signal for apoptosis of tumor cells
- activation of inflammatory cell
MOA of Infliximab and Etanercept
humanized anti-TNF immunoglobulins
- reduce inflammation by binding TNF
C3b plays a role in what type of hypersensitivity
Type III
IL-2 is a cytokine produced by who?
Th1-lymphocytes
IL-2 signals for what
proliferation of increased activity of Th and TC lymphocytes, NK cells
role of Th1 cells
inducing macrophage and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte mediated inflammation
role of TH2 cells
induce humoral immunity
What cytokine signals for TH2 cells
IL-4
Which Ig crosses breast milk
IgA
What initiates IgM to switch to IgE
Il-4 from B-lymphocytes
What is the key immunoglobulin in providing immunity against bacterial toxins
IgG
common clinical results for Hyper-IgM syndrome
- lymphoid hyperplasia
- recurrent sinopulmonary infections
What can cause Hyper-IgM syndrome
- genetic absence of CD-40 ligand on T-lymphocytes
- genetic deficiency in enzymes responsible for DNA modification during isotype swtiching
Role of IL-10
- anti-inflammatory
- immunomodulatory
- inhibits Th1 cytokines
- reduces MHC-II expression
- suppression of activated macrophages and dendritic cells
Who secretes IL-10
Regulatory T cells
Who produces IL-1
macrophages and epithelial cells
Role of IL-1
- Fever
- endothelium activation ( express adhesion molecules)
- increased chemokine expression (promoting leukocyte recruitment)
Who secretes IL-5
Th2 Cells
role of IL-5
- promotes humoral response by stimulating B cells and increasing IgA production
role of IL-12
- induces differentiation of Th1 cells
- activation of NK cells
who secretes IL-12
macrophages
Who secretes Interferon-gamma
Th1
Who produces TNF-alpha
macrophages, NK, T cells
CD8+ cells recognize foreign antigens presented with what protien
MHC class I proteins
Each MCH class I molecule consists of what
heavy chain
Beta2- microglobulin
Structure of MCH Class II
alpha and beta polypeptide chaines
antigen presentation of MHC class I results in
apoptosis of the presenting cell
Antigen presentation of MHC class II results in
- activation of TH cells –> stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
What is cold agglutinins
antibodies specific from red blood cells that only cause agglutination, or clumping, of red cells at low temperatures
What illnesses cause cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma penumoniae
EBC infection
hematologic malignancy
What is the most common cause of febrile seizures
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
clinical presentation for Human herpesviurs 6 (roseola)
fever for 3-5 days
followed by truncal rash
What is the most common presentation of Cryptococcus neoformans infections
Meningoencephalitis
How is Cryptococcal pneumonia diagnosed
mucicarmine staining of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar washings
