Test 95: Incorrect Flashcards
How are osteocytes connected?
gap junctions
equation for relative risk reduction
1- RR relative risk
- (absolute risk control - absolute risk treatment) / ( absolute risk)
what molecule stimulates vagus nerve
acetylcholine
withdrawal from opioid is described
- abdominal pain
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- piloerection
- LACRIMATION
- diaphoresis
- YAWNING
What are eyes in cocaine intoxication
dilated
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies are associated with
rheumatoid arthritis
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies are found in what
primary biliary cirrhosis
What happens in lupus because of the formation of immune complex formation
decrease complement
C3, C4, CH50
clinical use for Etanercept
- rheumatoid arthritis
- psoriasis
- akylosing spondylitis
Calcipotriene, what is it? what is it used for
- nuclear transcription factor
- topical vitamin D analog for psoriasis
- inhibit keratinocyte proliferation
- keratinocyte differentiation
Patient with neurologic symptoms ( tingling, difficulty concentrating) and recurrent episodes of nonspecific abdominal pain has
acute intermittent porphyria
what is deficient in acute intermittent porphyria
prophobilinogen deaminase deficiency
treatment for acute intermittent porphyria
glucose and heme
in acute intermittent porphyria, infusion with heme or glucose down regulates what enzyme
aminolevulinate ( ALA) synthase
- rate limiting step of heme synthesis
Acute intermittent prophyria is due to accumulation of what
- ALA
- porphobilinogen
Deficiency of ALA dehydrates and ferrochelatase
lead poisoning
chemotactic factors
C5a IL-8 LTB 4 Kallikrein platelet activating factor
DNA polymerase I has what special feature
5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity
- removes RNA primase
why are the left atria and ventricles less oxygenated than pulmonary capillaries
mixing of deoxygenated blood
- bronchial arteries ( drain to either bronchial veins or pulmonary veins)
- Thebesian ( small cardiac veins)
calcium-sensing receptors are what type of receptors
G-protien-couples receptors
role of calcium-sensing receptors
regulate secretion of PTH
What is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
AD
- defective calcium-sensing receptors on PTH and kidney
Erythema infectiosum ( fifth disease present)
- nonspecific prodrome followed by “slapped-cheek” facial rash and a lacy, reticular body body rash.
Parvovirus hits what cells? replicates where
erythoid precursor cells
- replicates in bone marrow
Phase I of anesthetic block
flaccid paralysis
Patient who has burns, mypathies, crush injuries, and denervating injuries and take succinylcholine are at risk for what
potassium release and life-threatening arrhythmias
MOA of Dantrolene
ryanodine receptors, prevent calcium release
MOA fro Baclofen
Muscle relaxant that affects GABA B receptors at level of spinal cord
how does bacillus anthraces edema factor work
adenylate cyclase
- increase cAMP
- leading to neutrophil and macrophage dysfunction and tissue deem
Edema factor for Bacillus anthracis similar to what other bacteria
Bordetella pertussis
What lipid lowering drug is good for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, regardlgess of baseline lipid levels
Satins
most effective lipid-lowering drug for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, regardless of baseline lipid levels
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ( statins)
Patients with low high-desnity lipoprotein (HDL) levels are at increased risk for
cardiovascular disease
how do medication that raise HDL level impact cardiovascular system
does not improve
role of Omega-3 essential fatty acids
- decrease serum triglycerides
- slight increase in HDL
What maneuvers accentuate ventricular septal defect
increase after load
- handgrip
Sudden, jerky, purposeless movements
Chorea
Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg
Hemiballismus
Slow, writhing movements; especially seen in fingers
athetosis
what is damaged in hemiballismus? what is most common cause
contralateral subthalamic nucleus
- lacunar stroke
Damage to internal capsule can cause
pure motor or combined sensorimotor deficits
lentiform nucleus
- globus pallidus
- putamen
what disease has damaged lentiform nucleus? characterize the disease
- Wilson disease
- liver, psychiatric, and neuro abnormalities
What heart conditions does atrial contraction contribute significantly to left ventricular filling
- chronic aortic stenosis
- concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
If A-fib occurs during chronic aortic stenosis and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, what hemodynamic changes occur in the heart
- reduce LV preload
- reduce cardiac output
Nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) and RANK ligand interaction is essential for formation and differentiation of what cells
osteoclasts
role of osteoprotegerin
blocks binding of RANK-L to RANK
- reduce formation of osteoclasts
2 important thins for osteoclast differentiation
- M-CSF
2. RANK-L
how does low estrogen decrease osteoclasts
- decrease osteoprotegerin
how is mitochondrial myopathies inherited
maternal inheritance
what is the medication choice to treat behavioral and psychotic manifestations of delirium
Antipsychotics ( Haloperidol)
Doxepin is what type of drug
Tricyclic antidepressant
what is the medication choice to treat behavioral and psychotic manifestations of delirium
Antipsychotics ( Haloperidol)
what is Parinaud syndrome
- compression of tectum causing vertical gaze palsy
Pinealoma presents with what
- obstructive hydrocephalus
- dorsal midbrain (parinaud syndrome)
what is Parinaud syndrome
- compression of tectum causing vertical gaze palsy
How does obstructive hydrocephalus present
- papilledema
- headache
- vomiting
MOA for Foscarnet? toxicity
Analog of pyrophosphate
- chelates calcium and promote nephrotoxic renal magnesium wasting
- hypocalcemia, hypommagnesemia ( seizures)
characterize red neuron
- shrinkage of cell body,
- eosinophilia of cytoplasm
- pyknosis of nucleus
- loss of Nissl substance
Neuron that is responding to irreversible injury is called
red neuron
MAO for Class IA antiarrhythmics
sodium channel-blocking agents that depress phase 0 depolarization
- moderate K channel blocking activity
Name class IA antiarrhythmics
Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide
MAO for Class IA antiarrhythmics
sodium channel-blocking agents that depress phase 0 depolarization
- moderate K channel blocking activity
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is what kind of receptor
tyrosine kinase receptor
During catabolism of proteins in the liver, where is amino groups transferred from alanine
to alpha-keotgluterate to form glutamate
in acute cellular rejection, who is against who
host against donor MHC
During catabolism of proteins in the liver, where is amino groups transfered
to alpha-keotgluterate to form glutamate
increase urinary concentrations of what prevent calculi formation
- urinary citrate concentration
- high fluid intake
increased urinary concentrations of what promote salt crystallization
- calcium
- oxalate
- uric acid
Small fibrotic focus in lower lobe of right lung and calcified lymph node in right lung hills is
primary exposure to M. tuberculosis
India ink staining for cryptococcus neoformans shows what
round or oval budding yeast
Small fibrotic focus in lower lobe of right lung and calcified lymph node in right lung hills is
primary exposure to M. tuberculosis
Ghon complex
- lower lobe lung lesion
- ipsilateral hilar adenopathy
