Test 72: All Flashcards
Th1 lymphocytes release what? then what happens?
interferon-gamma
-recruits macrophages
What causes Th1 lymphocytes to release interferon gamma
IL-2 from macrophages
“red ragged” muscles fibers are seen in what type of disease
mitochondrial disease
What drug is used for treatment of bradycardia
Atropine, decreases vagal influences of SA and AV nodes
side effects of atropine
increase intraocular pressure
- may precipitate acute closed-angle glaucoma
which ions are responsible for resting membrane potential at -70
high K conductance and some sodium conductance
What does alludes reductase convert
glucose into sorbitol
What does sorbitol dehydrogenase convert
Sorbitol into glucose
What is the treatment for von Willebrand disease? How does it work
Desmopressin
- releases vWF stored in endothelium
Where is vWF and factor VIII produced
endothelial cells
What receptors do Desmopressin work on
V2, not as much of V1
Lenticulostriate arteries are a branch off of what
middle cerebral artery
How does pontine hemorrhage present
- coma ( reticular activating system)
- total paralysis ( cortiocspinal and corticobulbar)
- pinpoint pupils ( descending sympathetic path )
MOA for sulfonylureas
increase insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells independent of blood glucose concentration
Risk factor for sulfonylureas
hypoglycemia
Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Mecafungin are what type of drugs
Echinocandins
MAO for Echinocandins
- inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of Beta-glucan ( component of fungal wall cell)
What are Echinocandins used for
- Invasive aspergilloisis
- Candida
Adverse effects of Echinocandins
- GI upset
- flushing ( by histamine release)
MAO fo Amphotericin B
- binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
MOA for Flucytosine
inhibits synthesis of both DNA and RNA in fungal cells
Griseofulvin MOA
binds microtubules and inhibits mitosis
Itraconazole MOA
inhibits ergosterol synthesis
MOA for Terbinafine
inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase
- leads to decrease ergosterol synthesis
Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration is characteristic of what disease
hyperparathyroidism
persistence of primary, unmineralized spongiosa in the medullary canals
osteopetrosis
Lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic is what problem
Paget’s
Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae
Vitamine D deficiency
Vertical, midline incision is made at posterior vaginal opening through the vaginal and subvaginal mucosa? what is also most likely to be cut
Perineal body
Folate synthesizes what
nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
- ex. dTMP
What is a salvage pathway for dTMP
thymidine kinase
Location of SA node
junction of right atrium and superior vena cava
What vitamins are not found in breast milk for newborns
D and K
pancreatic islet amyloid deposition is characteristic of what disease
type 2 diabetes mellitus
What makes Hep D antigen infectious
Hepatits B surface antigen of Hep B. virus must coat the Hepatitis D antigen of Hep D
What are two things that play a role in osteoclast differentiation
- macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF)
2. receptor for activated nuclear factor kappa-B ligand ( RANK-L)
Patient has pain and deformity of long bones with hearing loss ?
Paget’s disease of bone
osteoprotegerin (OPG)
- decreases binding of RANK-L to RANK
- reduces osteoclast
MOA for Denosumab
inhibits the RANK/RANK-L interaction also leads to increased bone density
What is the role of heme oxygenase? color?
converts heme to biliverdin
- Biliverdin causes greenish color to develop in bruises several days after injury?
The best and most reliable auscultatory indicator of the degree of mitral stenosis is what
A1-OS interval.
- shorter interval indicates more severe stenosis
pulmonary vascular bed does what during tissue hypoxia
vasoconstriction
Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase reflects what activity
osteoblastic
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary deoxypyridinoline reflect what activity? which on e is more reliable
osteoclastic activity
- deoxypyridinoline
The afferent limb of the light reflex pathway is what nerve
optic nerve
the efferent limb of the reflex pathway is
parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve
AAUAA is what signal
polyadenylation signal for polyermase A on RNA
HbF contains
gamma-globin and alpha
HbA
alpha and beta globin
Role of class III anti arrhythmic drugs
- blocks potassium channels
- inhibit outward potassium currents during phase 3 of cardiac action potential
Absence of normal enteral stimulation in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition leads to what 3 things.
- decreased cholecystokinin release
- decreased biliary stasis
- increase risk of gallstones
role of cholecystokinin release
- increase pancreatic secretion
- increase gallbladder contraction
- decrease gastric emptying
- increase sphincter of Oddi relaxation
what causes schistocytes
- microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
2. prosthetic cardiac valve
what are serum levels when schistocytes are seen
- decreased haptoglobin
2. increased LDH and bilirubin
Intermittent respiratory symptoms in a patient with a normal chest x-ray, sputum eosinophils, and reduced FEV1 suggests what diagnosis
asthma
What is Hartnup disease
Deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters in
- proximal renal tubular cells
- on enterocytes
exces loss of dietary tryptophan
Hartnup disease is a result of what deficiency
niacin deficiency
Niacin is synthesized from what
tryptophan
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and precursor for what
- nicotinic acid
- serotonin
- melatonin
Hartnup disease clinical presentation
- pellagra like symptoms
Family history of sarcoma, leukemia, adrenal and breast cancer suggests what in a female with lump in breast
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
What causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- autosomal dominant mutation in tumor suppressor gene TP53
right border of the right is formed by what
right atrium
What happens in IgA deficiency during blood transfusion
- anaphylaxis
- blood may contain small amounts of IgA
gonadal artery arises from what artery
aorta
What causes Pasteurella multocida
soft-tissue infection that develops within 24 hours of following a dog or cat bite
What is the number one thing to do to prevent catheter infection in patient
alcohol based hand scrub prior to beginning the procedure
patient with bone pain, fatigue, anemia, kidney disease, and hypercalcemia has what
multiple myeloma
