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Uworld > Test 40: Random > Flashcards

Test 40: Random Flashcards

1
Q

Glucagon increases what? and how

A

serum glucose via increasing hepatic glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

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3
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

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4
Q

what is the predominant initial means of rapidly increasing blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia

A

glucagon-induced glycogenolysis

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5
Q

Glucagon interacts with what receptors on hepatocytes

A

G protein

  • increase cAMP
  • protein kinase A
  • glycogen phosphorylase
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6
Q

how does glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis

A

activating gluconeogenetic enzymes and decreasing intracellular fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels

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7
Q

Epinephrine is more effective that glucagon in stimulating gluconeogensis in what organ

A

renal

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8
Q

how does glucagon impact insulin

A

-stimulates insulin

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9
Q

Direct inguinal hernias protrude through what

A

Hesselbach’s triangle

- weakness of transversals fascia

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10
Q

boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle

A
  1. inguinal ligament
  2. epigastric vessels
  3. rectus abdominus

Transversalis fascia forms floor of triangle

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11
Q

What does the direct hernia go through

A

external (superficial) inguinal ring only

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12
Q

what covers the direct hernia

A

only external spermatic fascia

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13
Q

Who usually gets indirect inguinal hernias

A

infants, children, and young adults

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14
Q

What causes indirect inguinal hernia

A
  • failure of processes vaginalis to obliterate

- failure internal inguinal ring to colse

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15
Q

Where is femoral hernia located

A
  • below inguinal ligament

- through femoral ring (medial to femoral sheath and lateral to lacunar ligament)

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16
Q

What is in the femoral sheath

A

femoral artery and vein

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17
Q

who usually gets direct hernias

A

older men

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18
Q

Who usually gets Sarcoidosis

A

african americans

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19
Q

clinical findings for sarcoidosis

A

cough and dyspnea

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20
Q

CXR of lungs show for sarcoidosis

A
  • bilateral hilar adenopathy

- coarse reticular opacities

21
Q

biopsy for sarcoidosis shows

A

non-caseating granuloma

22
Q

Serum levels for sarcoidosis

A
  • elevated serum calcium ( sarcoid granuloma produce 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol)
  • elevated ACE
23
Q

Main immune response in sarcoidosis

A

CD4+ T cells

24
Q

patient has nocturnal back pain, spinal tenderness and enlarged prostate, what does he have

A

prostate cancer with bony metastases

25
Q

Therapy for prostate cancer

A

androgen deprivation therapy

26
Q

What is Leuprolide

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog

27
Q

What is the difference in continuous use and initial use of Leuprolide

A

initial: increase pituitary LH secretion
continuous: surpasses LH

28
Q

equation for relative risk

A

[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]

risk among exposed/ risk among unexposed

29
Q

How how mitochondrial disorders inherited

A

from mother

30
Q

heteroplasmy

A
  • presence of both normal and mutated tDNA

- variable expression in mitochondirally inherited disease

31
Q

Name 3 mitochondrial symptoms

A
  1. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
  2. Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers
  3. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes ( MELAS)
32
Q

What is myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers

A

myoclonic seizures and myopathy associated with exercise

33
Q

Anticipation

A

increase in severity of genetic disorders is subsequent generation

34
Q

Variable expressivity

A

differences in severity of autosomal dominant disorders

35
Q

How does spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) course and innervate

A
  • through posterior triangle of neck

- sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

36
Q

function of trapezius

A
  1. elevate scapula
  2. rotate inward
  3. stabilize shoulder
37
Q

What nerve must be accounted for in cervical lymph node dissection

A

spinal accessory

38
Q

symptoms of trapezius weakness

A
  1. drooping of shoulder
  2. impaired abduction of arm above horizontal
  3. winged scapula
39
Q

nerve innervation for deltoid

A

axillary nerve (C5-6)

40
Q

weakness of deltoid presents

A

impaired abduction of arm at angles blow horizontal line

41
Q

Latissimus dorsi innervation

A

thoracodorsal nerve

42
Q

role of Latissimus dorsi

A
  • adductor of arm

- assists with extension and medial rotation

43
Q

innervation of levator scapulae

A

C3 and C4 cervical nerve and dorsal scapular nerve

44
Q

role of elevator scapulae

A

elevate the scapula and raise the medial border

45
Q

innervation of rhomboid major

A

dorsal scapular nerve ( C5)

46
Q

role of rhomboid major

A

draws scapula upward and medially

47
Q

describe signet rings

A

mucin-filled cells with peripheral nuclei

48
Q

Where are signet rings usually located and why

A

stomach wall due to loss of cell adhesion protein E-cadherin

49
Q

gastric cancers involve what other organs usually

A
  1. Virchow node: supraclavicular node

2. Sister Mary Joseph Nodule: periumbilical nodes

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