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Uworld > Test 57: All > Flashcards

Test 57: All Flashcards

1
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

total volume of gas entering lungs per minute

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2
Q

equation for minute ventilation

A

= Tidal volume times breaths/min

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3
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

volume of new air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

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4
Q

equation for alveolar ventilation

A
  • ( tidal volume - dead space volume ) times breaths/minute
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5
Q

What does physiologic dead space consist of

A
  1. anatomic dead space: space in conducting airways

2. alveolar dead space

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6
Q

equation for physiologic dead space

A

tidal volume * (PaCo - PeCo)/(PaCo)

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7
Q

Protein conjugation in vaccine causes what immune response

A

T cell mediated immune response leading to long-term immunity through production of memory B-lymphocytes

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8
Q

Vaccine with just polysaccharide capsule elicits what immune response

A

antibody-mediated (B cell) immune response

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9
Q

What is the course of the great saphenous vein

A
  • originates on medial side of foot
  • courses anterior to medial malleolus
  • travels up medial aspect of leg and thigh
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10
Q

where does great saphenous vein drain

A

femoral view within region of femoral triangle

- few centimeters inferolateral to pubic tubercle

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11
Q

What nerves passes through the jugular foramen

A

9, 10, 11

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12
Q

Loss of CN IX

A

loss of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

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13
Q

loss of CN IX, X

A

loss of gag reflex

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14
Q

loss of X

A

soft palate drop with deviation of uvula toward normal side

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15
Q

What is lactose-fermenting and indole-positive gram-negative rods

A

E. coli

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16
Q

What type of thyroid hormone is the major secretory product of thyroid gland

A

T4 ( thyroxine)

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17
Q

Which is the most active form of thyroid hormone

A

T3 ( triiodothyronine)

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18
Q

what is reverse T3 (rT3)

A

inactive form that is generated almost entirely from peripheral conversion of T4

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19
Q

what is the peripheral conversion of thyroid hormone

A

deiodination of T4 to T3

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20
Q

which thyroid hormone has a shorter half life

A

T3

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21
Q

DNA synthesis occurs in what direction

A

5’ –>3’

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22
Q

Role of 5’–>3’ exonuclease

A
  • remove RNA primers

- remove damaged DNA segments

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23
Q

Role of 3’ –> 5’ exonuclease

A
  • proofreading function, removes and replaces mismatched nucletodies
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24
Q

people with Beta thalassemia have what type of anemia

A
  • hypochromic, microcytic anemia
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25
Q

Eukaryotic translation initiation requires assembly of what

A

ribosomal subunits ( 60S and 40S)

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26
Q

where is Kozak consensus sequence found and what does it to

A
  • eukaryotic mRNA

- helps initiate translation at the methionine start codon ( AUG)

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27
Q

Kozak sequence is analogous to what other sequence

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. Coli

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28
Q

What is in the Kozak sequence

A

(gcc)gccRccAUGG

R= adnenine or guanine

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29
Q

What is bronchiolitis obliterans? when is it seen?

A
  • small airway obstruction

- chronic transplant rejection

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30
Q

what goes wrong in acute transplant rejection of lung

A
  • pulmonary and bronchial vessels are main target of damage
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31
Q

Valsalva maneuver increases what tone

A

vagal tone

32
Q

What is the most important muscle used in Valsalva maneuver

A

rectus abdominis

33
Q

what is the optochin for step. pneumoniae

A

optochin sensitive

34
Q

bile solubility for strep. pneumoniae

A

bile soluble.

35
Q

What does testosterone develop

A
  • internal male genitalia
  • spermatogensis
  • male sexual differentiation at puberty
36
Q

what does DHT develop

A
  • external male genitalia
  • growth of prostate
  • male-pattern hair growth
37
Q

Where is type 1 and type 2 5alpha-reductase found

A

1: post pubescent skin
2: genitals

38
Q

Structure of insulin receptor

A
  1. 2 alpha on outside

2. 2 beta inside containing tyrosine kinase

39
Q

how does TNF-alpha impact insulin

A

induces insulin resistance through activation of serine kinases ( phosphorylate serine residues on beta subunits of IR and IRS-1)

40
Q

what is gestational choriocarcinoma? when does it occur?

A

malignant tumor arises from trophoblasts

- preceded by normal pregnancy

41
Q

clinical features of gestational choriocarcinoma

A
  • vaginal bleeding

- increase Beta-hCG levels

42
Q

most common location of mets for gestational choriocarcioma

A

hematogenous spread to lungs

43
Q

When is base excision repair used

A

to correct single-base DNA defects induced spontaneously or by exogenous chemicals

44
Q

List the order of base excision repair

A
  1. glycosylase
  2. AP-endonuclease
  3. Lyase
  4. DNA polymerase
  5. DNA ligase
45
Q

Excessive consumption of what promotes deamination of cytosine, adenine, and guanine to form uracil

A

dietary nitrates

46
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity refers to what

A

type 1 hypersensitivity

47
Q

What type of antibodies are found in hyper acute transplant rejection

A

preformed IgG antibodies

48
Q

What is primase

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that incorporates short RNA primers into replicating DNA

49
Q

What is derived form proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

A
  • ACTH
  • MSH
  • Beta-endorphin
50
Q

what is Somatomedin C? what is it structurally similar to

A
  • IGF-1

- insulin

51
Q

What is the most common cause of bloody or serosanguineous nipple discharge

A

intraductal papilloma

52
Q

Breslow depth

A
  • how deep melanoma is
53
Q

equation for probability of at least getting 1 positive test result with 95% of patient testing negative for the disease they do not have

A

(1-.95^(number participating))

54
Q

What do I have? oculomotor dysfunction, ataxia, and confusion

A

Werkicke syndrome

55
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome

A
  • complication of Wernicke encephalopathy

- permanent memory loss and confabulation

56
Q

Meconium ileus is a specific finding for what disease

A

cystic fibrosis

57
Q

what is meconium ileus

A
  • meconium plug obstructs intestine , preventing stool passage at birth
58
Q

symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention have been linked to what hormones

A

reduced levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex

59
Q

first line drug treatment for school-aged children with ADHD

A
  • stimulant drugs: methylphenidate and amphetamines
60
Q

where is psoas muscle located

A
  • anterior surface of transverse processes and lateral surface of vertebral bodies T12-L5
61
Q

Job of psoas muscle

A
  • flex thigh at hip
62
Q

the anterior pituitary originates from what germ layer

A

surface ectoderm

63
Q

Latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve

A

thoracodorsal nerve

64
Q

function of latissimus dorsi

A
  • extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus
65
Q

Merocrine gland

A

release watery secretory product via exocytosis with no loss of cell membrane

66
Q

Apocrine gland

A

release membrane-bound vesicles containing secretory product

67
Q

Holocrine gland

A

release the entire content of cells via cell lysis

68
Q

what type of gland is involved with acne

A

sebaceous gland is a type of Holocene gland

69
Q

name 2 types of exocrine glands

A
  1. apocrine

2. merocrine

70
Q

Subdural hematoma involves what vessesls

A

bridging cortical veins

71
Q

CT scan for subdural hematoma

A

cresecent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines

72
Q

What is analysis of variance

A

check differences between means of 3 or more groups

73
Q

what is T-test used for

A

compare differences between the means of 2 groups

74
Q

Pearson correlation

A

measure of strength and direction of linear relationship between 2 variables.

75
Q

Glanzmann thrombasthenia

A

AR: deficient or defective glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa

76
Q

what is Abciximab

A

GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist

77
Q

MOA of Clopidogrel

A

block P2Y12 on platelet ADP receptor

Uworld (63 decks)

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