Test 57: All Flashcards
What is minute ventilation
total volume of gas entering lungs per minute
equation for minute ventilation
= Tidal volume times breaths/min
What is alveolar ventilation
volume of new air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute
equation for alveolar ventilation
- ( tidal volume - dead space volume ) times breaths/minute
What does physiologic dead space consist of
- anatomic dead space: space in conducting airways
2. alveolar dead space
equation for physiologic dead space
tidal volume * (PaCo - PeCo)/(PaCo)
Protein conjugation in vaccine causes what immune response
T cell mediated immune response leading to long-term immunity through production of memory B-lymphocytes
Vaccine with just polysaccharide capsule elicits what immune response
antibody-mediated (B cell) immune response
What is the course of the great saphenous vein
- originates on medial side of foot
- courses anterior to medial malleolus
- travels up medial aspect of leg and thigh
where does great saphenous vein drain
femoral view within region of femoral triangle
- few centimeters inferolateral to pubic tubercle
What nerves passes through the jugular foramen
9, 10, 11
Loss of CN IX
loss of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
loss of CN IX, X
loss of gag reflex
loss of X
soft palate drop with deviation of uvula toward normal side
What is lactose-fermenting and indole-positive gram-negative rods
E. coli
What type of thyroid hormone is the major secretory product of thyroid gland
T4 ( thyroxine)
Which is the most active form of thyroid hormone
T3 ( triiodothyronine)
what is reverse T3 (rT3)
inactive form that is generated almost entirely from peripheral conversion of T4
what is the peripheral conversion of thyroid hormone
deiodination of T4 to T3
which thyroid hormone has a shorter half life
T3
DNA synthesis occurs in what direction
5’ –>3’
Role of 5’–>3’ exonuclease
- remove RNA primers
- remove damaged DNA segments
Role of 3’ –> 5’ exonuclease
- proofreading function, removes and replaces mismatched nucletodies
people with Beta thalassemia have what type of anemia
- hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Eukaryotic translation initiation requires assembly of what
ribosomal subunits ( 60S and 40S)
where is Kozak consensus sequence found and what does it to
- eukaryotic mRNA
- helps initiate translation at the methionine start codon ( AUG)
Kozak sequence is analogous to what other sequence
Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. Coli
What is in the Kozak sequence
(gcc)gccRccAUGG
R= adnenine or guanine
What is bronchiolitis obliterans? when is it seen?
- small airway obstruction
- chronic transplant rejection
what goes wrong in acute transplant rejection of lung
- pulmonary and bronchial vessels are main target of damage
Valsalva maneuver increases what tone
vagal tone
What is the most important muscle used in Valsalva maneuver
rectus abdominis
what is the optochin for step. pneumoniae
optochin sensitive
bile solubility for strep. pneumoniae
bile soluble.
What does testosterone develop
- internal male genitalia
- spermatogensis
- male sexual differentiation at puberty
what does DHT develop
- external male genitalia
- growth of prostate
- male-pattern hair growth
Where is type 1 and type 2 5alpha-reductase found
1: post pubescent skin
2: genitals
Structure of insulin receptor
- 2 alpha on outside
2. 2 beta inside containing tyrosine kinase
how does TNF-alpha impact insulin
induces insulin resistance through activation of serine kinases ( phosphorylate serine residues on beta subunits of IR and IRS-1)
what is gestational choriocarcinoma? when does it occur?
malignant tumor arises from trophoblasts
- preceded by normal pregnancy
clinical features of gestational choriocarcinoma
- vaginal bleeding
- increase Beta-hCG levels
most common location of mets for gestational choriocarcioma
hematogenous spread to lungs
When is base excision repair used
to correct single-base DNA defects induced spontaneously or by exogenous chemicals
List the order of base excision repair
- glycosylase
- AP-endonuclease
- Lyase
- DNA polymerase
- DNA ligase
Excessive consumption of what promotes deamination of cytosine, adenine, and guanine to form uracil
dietary nitrates
Immediate hypersensitivity refers to what
type 1 hypersensitivity
What type of antibodies are found in hyper acute transplant rejection
preformed IgG antibodies
What is primase
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that incorporates short RNA primers into replicating DNA
What is derived form proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
- ACTH
- MSH
- Beta-endorphin
what is Somatomedin C? what is it structurally similar to
- IGF-1
- insulin
What is the most common cause of bloody or serosanguineous nipple discharge
intraductal papilloma
Breslow depth
- how deep melanoma is
equation for probability of at least getting 1 positive test result with 95% of patient testing negative for the disease they do not have
(1-.95^(number participating))
What do I have? oculomotor dysfunction, ataxia, and confusion
Werkicke syndrome
What is Korsakoff syndrome
- complication of Wernicke encephalopathy
- permanent memory loss and confabulation
Meconium ileus is a specific finding for what disease
cystic fibrosis
what is meconium ileus
- meconium plug obstructs intestine , preventing stool passage at birth
symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention have been linked to what hormones
reduced levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex
first line drug treatment for school-aged children with ADHD
- stimulant drugs: methylphenidate and amphetamines
where is psoas muscle located
- anterior surface of transverse processes and lateral surface of vertebral bodies T12-L5
Job of psoas muscle
- flex thigh at hip
the anterior pituitary originates from what germ layer
surface ectoderm
Latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
function of latissimus dorsi
- extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus
Merocrine gland
release watery secretory product via exocytosis with no loss of cell membrane
Apocrine gland
release membrane-bound vesicles containing secretory product
Holocrine gland
release the entire content of cells via cell lysis
what type of gland is involved with acne
sebaceous gland is a type of Holocene gland
name 2 types of exocrine glands
- apocrine
2. merocrine
Subdural hematoma involves what vessesls
bridging cortical veins
CT scan for subdural hematoma
cresecent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines
What is analysis of variance
check differences between means of 3 or more groups
what is T-test used for
compare differences between the means of 2 groups
Pearson correlation
measure of strength and direction of linear relationship between 2 variables.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
AR: deficient or defective glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa
what is Abciximab
GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
MOA of Clopidogrel
block P2Y12 on platelet ADP receptor
