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Uworld > Test52: pathology > Flashcards

Test52: pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Episodic headache, tachycardia, and diaphoresis highly suggests

A

pheochromocytoma

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2
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating

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3
Q

Describe Cheyne-stroke breathing

A

cyclic breathing: apnea is followed by gradually increasing then decreasing tidal volumes until next apnea period

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4
Q

Enteric bacteria of gut can produce what

A

vitamin K and folate

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5
Q

What is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

A

overproduction of vitamin K and folate,

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6
Q

The small bowel mucosa of patients with primary lactase deficiency have what histology

A

normal

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7
Q

Nasal mucosal ulcerations and glomerulonephritis is characteristic of what

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)

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8
Q

antibodies against what is found in Wegener’s

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

Patients history of recurrent fever and abdominal pain along with dilated calyces with overlying cortical atrophy bilaterally, mostly in upper and lower poles suggests

A

Recurrent pyelonephritis

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10
Q

what causes vesicoureteral reflux

A

retrograde urine flow from bladder into ureter

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11
Q

Patient has postprandial epigastric pain and food aversion/weight loss in setting of coronary artery bypass ( atherosclerosis ) , ?

A

chronic mesenteric ischemia ( atherosclerosis of mesenteric artery)

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12
Q

histo for Silicosis

A
  • calcification of rim of hillier nodes ( eggshell calcification)
  • birefringent silica particles surrounded by fibrous tissue
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13
Q

Silicosis impairs what, increase risk for what

A
  • impairs macrophages

- increase risk for TB

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14
Q

what is compound nevi and what layers does it involve

A
  • benign proliferations of melanocytes

- both dermis and epidermis

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15
Q

What anatomical problem is almost always necessary for development of acute pyelonephritis

A

vesicoureteral reflux

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16
Q

frequent voiding

A

using bathroom a lot

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17
Q

clinical symptoms for hyperaldosteronism

A

paresthesias and muscle weakness

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18
Q

what does erythema multiforme look like on skin

A

target lesion

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19
Q

erythema multiforme is associated with what virus

A

herpes simplex virus

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20
Q

Name Virulence factors for measles virus

A
  • hemagglutinin

- matrix protein

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21
Q

what is found in serum of someone with subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis

A

mealses virus antibodies

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22
Q

When does the 4th heart sound occur

A

end of diastole just before S1

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23
Q

what causes 4th heart sound

A
  • decreased left ventricular compliance

- restrictive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy

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24
Q

Obese man with loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, and thick neck with narrow airway suggests

A

obstructive sleep apnea

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25
Q

prolonged, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can cause

A
  • pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure
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26
Q

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( HER2) is overexposed in 20% of what cancers? treatment?

A

breast cancers

  • means more aggressive tumor
  • respond to anit-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab
27
Q

HER2 is what type of receptor

A

tyrosine kinase

28
Q

Role of bcl-2

A

inhibit apoptosis

29
Q

what is the most common malignant hepatic lesion for liver

A

matastistis from another primary site ( breast, lung, colon)
- not hepatocellular carcinoma

30
Q

Voluntary muscle activity is mediated by what neuron tract

A

corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts

31
Q

corticospinal tracts that do not decussate at medulla travel where in spinal cord?

A

anterior corticospinal tract

32
Q

corticospinal tract that decussate in medulla travel where in spinal cord

A

lateral corticospinal tract

33
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion leads to what clinical finding

A
  • spastic paralysis
  • hyperreflexia
  • Babinski sign
34
Q

lower motor signs

A
  • flaccid paralysis
  • hypotonia
  • hyporeflexia
  • muscle atrophy
  • fasciculations
35
Q

what color is gray hepatiziation in lung

A

pale

36
Q

Sudden cardiac death 12 days after MI is most likely due to

A

ventricular arrhythmias

37
Q

Most common cause of mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic fever

38
Q

What part of the brain is distorted in normal pressure hydrocephalus

A
  • periventricular white matter
39
Q

Extreme myofiber disarray with interstitial fibrosis on cardiac histology suggests

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

40
Q

cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

mutations in genes encoding cardiac sacromere proteins ( beta-myosin heavy chain)

41
Q

Lab findings for Wilson’s disease

A
  • elevated transaminases

- low serum ceruloplasmin

42
Q

First line treatment for Wilson’s

A

D-penicillamine

43
Q

where does copper accumulate in Wilson disease

A
  • liver
  • cornea
  • basal ganglia ( parkinsonism)
44
Q

Deferoxamine is used to treat what

A

iron overdose

45
Q

Edetate calcium disodium is used to treat wht

A

lead poisoning

46
Q

Fluoxetine is used to treat

A
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

- depression

47
Q

Levodopa is used to treat

A

Parkinson disease

48
Q

What is seen for hits for Crohn disease

A

noncaseating granulomas

49
Q

what levels are elevated in hydatidiform mole

A

Beta-hCG levels

50
Q

what causes hydatidiform mole

A

overexertion of paternal genes

51
Q

Pathology of partial mole

A
  • fetal tissue
  • focal trophoblastic hyperplasia
  • enlarged villi interspersed with normal villi
52
Q

Proximal tubular cell ballooning and vacuolar degeneration in patient with acute renal failure. On top of this have oxalate crystals ? suggests

A

ethylene glycol poisoning with acute tubular necrosis

53
Q

diagnostic test for pituitary adenoma

A

MRI of the brain

54
Q

first-line treatment for pituitary adenoma

A

dopamine agonist ( bromocriptine)

55
Q

Essential fructosuria will be positive for what test

A

copper reduction test

56
Q

Peripheral blood smear of hypo chromic microcytic anemia arises from what condition

A

iron deficiency

57
Q

A doctor should look for what as the first cause of iron deficiency

A

blood loss

58
Q

What is the single most important measure to reduce the risk of transmission of hospital-acquired infections

A

hand washing

59
Q

What gene mutation is associated with Crohn disease

A

NOD2

60
Q

what is the NF-kB pathway

A

cytokine production

61
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen assay is most useful for detecting what in colon cancer

A
  • recurrence

- and then residual disease

62
Q

What causes Vitiligo

A

loss of epidermal melanocytes

63
Q

The most common malignant malignancy in asbestoses

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

64
Q

What is contracture

A

during wound healing, excessive matrix metalloproteinase activity and myofibroblast accumulation

Uworld (63 decks)

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