Test 58: All Flashcards
Role of T tubules
- transmit depolarization signals to sarcoplasmic reticulum
- trigger release of calcium
- ensure coordinated contraction of all myofibrils
How can Aspergillus present in the lung
“fungus ball”
Colonizes pre-existing lung cavities
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is seen in who
asthma and cystic fibrosis patients
type of bias: investigator’s decision is affected by pro knowledge of exposure status
observer bias
Type of bias: subjects are selected for a study or from selective losses during follow-up
selection bias
type of bias: inaccurate patient recall of past exposure
Recall bias
type of bias: apparent prolongation of survival in patients who underwent a screening test that allowed for earlier diagnosis but did not improve prognosis
lead-time bias
what is confounding
at least part of the exposure-disease relationship can be explained by another variable
What is cohort study?
determine risk factor and then follow patient over time to see if they develop the disease
study designed by selecting patients with a particular disease and without the disease and then determine their previous exposure status
case-control study
Fixed splitting of S2 is found in what defect
atrial septal defect
Physical findings for Eisenmenger syndrome
clubbing and polycythemia
What is an irreversible change that occurs in Eisenmenger syndrome
pulmonary vessels
what pharmacologic receptor antagonists help clear asthma
- acetylcholine antagnost
2. Leukotirenes ( LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
Name 2 leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists used in asthma
- Zafirlukast
2. Montelukast
Name an antimuscarinic agent that blocks M3 receptors in airway smooth muscle and submucosal glands
Ipratropium
MOA of Milrinone
phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 enzyme inhibitor
- increase cAMP
placed a chest tube through the skin and subcutaneous fat into 4th or 5th intercostal space in anterior axillary or midaxillary line goes through that muscle for drainage of pleural effusion
- serratus anterior
- intercostal muscles
- parietal pleura
Pernicious anemia ( vitamin B12 Deficiency) is caused by what autoimmune problem
- destruction of parietal cells ( chronic atrophic gastritis)
what do parietal cells secrete
- HCl
- intrinsic factor
in the stomach layers what does the upper glandular layer and the deeper aspect of gastric glands secrete
upper: parietal cells
deeper: pepsinogen, chief cells
what phase are primary oocytes in females still in womb
prophase of meiosis I
prior to fertilization, secondary oocytes are arrested in what phase
metaphase of meiosis II
What is the most common cause of lung abscesses
anaerobic bacteria from gingivodental sulcus
A significent mismatched defect on ventilation-perfusion scan is a specific finding for
pulmonary embolism
Gold standard for pulmonary embolism
pulmonary angiography
- costly and treatment delay
When body mounts a response against mycoplasma it also attacks what
RBCs leading to anemia causing cold agglutinins
2 pyruvate deficiencies that cause anemia
- glucose-6-phosphate
2. pyruvate kinase deficiency
BH4 tetrahydrobiopterin is an important cofactor for what
- phenylalanine hydroxylase
2. tyrosine hydroxylase
1 day old child has hyperphenylalaemia and elevated prolactin what what
deficiency of dihydrobiopterin reductase BH4
Tyrosinase deficiency causes
albinism
Of the 5 major transmembrane glucose transport proteins ( GLUTs), which one is responsive to insulin
GLUT 4
Where is GLUT-4 predominantly expressed
- skeletal muscle cells
2. adipocytes
Name bacteria’s that produce IgA protease
- S. pneumoniae
- H. influenza
- Neisseria
Clinical feature of disseminated gonorrheal infecton
- arthritis
- dermtitis
- tenosynovitis
The patient should be advised to expect what during the first month following a vasectomy
viable sperm remain in portion of vas deferent distal to ligation.
Limited Scleroderma is associated with what syndrome
CREST syndrome
What is CREST syndrome
Caclinosis Raynaud phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia
CREST syndrome is associated with what antibody
anit-centromere antibody
What antibody is specific for systemic sclerosis
anti-DNA topoisomerase
Anti-histone antibodies are specific for
drug induced lupus
anti-dsDNA antibodies specific for
systemic lupus erythematosus
Anti-Ro-/SSA and Anti-La/SSB are specific for
Sjogren syndrome
Definition of Menopause
permanent cessation of menses for 12 months
What hormone is increased in menopause
FSH
What is Meckel Diverticulum
remnant of omphalomesenteric ( vitelline) duct
What may the Meckel diverticulum contain
- ectopic acid-secreting gastric mucosa
- pancreatic tissue
role of ferritin
cellular iron storage protein
role of transferrin
- transport iron through the plasma
during states of iron deficiency are what levels of transferrin in a female with irregular menses
high
