Test 46: Pathology Flashcards
Hepatits B virus infection can produce one of three syndromes
- acute hepatitis with complete resolution (most common)
- chronic hepatitis ( with or without cirrhosis and increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
- fulminant hepatitis with liver necrosis
PE for lead poisoning
blue “lead lines” at junction of teeth and gingival
diagnostic finding on peripheral blood smear for lead poisoning
basophilic stippling on background of hypo chromic microcytic anemia
what does lead inhibit
ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase
What is Mesothelioma
rare malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells, which line body cavities
exposure to what is the primary risk factor for mesothelioma
asbestos
- mining and industrial applications
histo for mesothelioma
- long slender microvilli
2. abundant tonofilaments
Difference between adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma
adenocarcinoma: short and plump microvilli
Meningioma is derived from what
meningothelial cells of arachnoid
symptoms of Meningioma
often asymptomatic
- seizures or focal neurologic signs
histo for Meningioma
- Spindle cells arranged in whorled pattern
- psammoma bodies (eosinophilic laminar structures)
location of meningiomas
cerebral convexities in adults
46 yr old women: persistent diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea improves with fasting. Endoscopy shows post bulbar duodenal and jejunal ulcers
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
What causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- gastrin-secreting neuroendocrine tumor ( gastrinomas)
- located in small intestines or pancreas
role of gastrin? can cause
stimulate gastric acid production
- peptic ulcer that can be located beyond the duodenal bulb
- diarrhea b/c pancreatic intestinal enzymes inactivated by gastronome
Zollinger-Ellison patients should get tested to rule out
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
pathophysiology of thrombocitic thrombocytopenia purpura
- decrease or deficiency of ADAMTS13
role of ADAMST13
normally cleaves vRF multimers into smaller monomers for depredation
patient with new-onset neurologic symptoms, anemia with schistocytes, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury has
thrombotic thrombocytopenia purport TTP
disseminated intravascular coagulation results from
abnormal activation of coagulation cascade
What is acute calculous cholecystitis
acute inflammation of gallbladder initiated by gallstone obstruction of cystic duct
Persistent gallbladder outflow obstruction promotes what
hydrolysis of luminal lecithins to lysolecithins , disrupts protective mucus layer
- exposed to bile salts releasing prostaglandin
- inflammation causes hypo motility
- ischemia
- bacteria invade injured and necrotic gallbladder wall
Klinefelter syndrome
47 XXY
in Klinefelter what is damaged in males
Leydig cells resulting in low testosterone
- excess gonadoptropins
- increase estrogen
PE for Klinefelter syndrome
- low testosterone
- tall
- gynecomastia
- learning and social difficulties
what can cause concentric hypertrophy
- long standing hypertension
- aortic stenosis
- all increase LV afterload
What are 3 type of glial cells
- astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- microglia
function of astrocyte
tissue repaire
- proliferate cite of injury: astrocytosis
gliosis
proliferation of astrocytes in an area of neuron degeneration
What happens to shrunken and deeply eosinophilic neurons of CNS
cell death, phagocytized by microglia
Aspirin is a mainstay treatment for what disease
Kawasaki
how is the liver impacted in Reye syndrome
microvesicular steatosis of hepatocytes without inflammation and cerebral edema
what is NF-kB
transcription factors
- role in immune response to infection and inflammation
what inhibits NF-kB
IkB kinase
how is IkB kinase degraded
ubiquitination
Activated protein C inactivates what
factors Va and VIIIa
clinical manifestations of factor V leiden include 3 things
- deep vein thrombosis
- cerebral vein thrombosis
- recurrent pregnancy
Most common cause of factor V leiden
- inherited hypergoagulabilty in Caucasian
patient with distal duodenal ulcer and high-normal gastrin levels have what
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
ulcers found beyond duodenal bulb suggests what syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison
Secretin is released from where
duodenum
Action of Secretin
- increase pancreatic bicarb secretion
- inhibit gastrin
exogenous secretin stimualtes what
gastrin release from gastronomes
Diabetic CN III mononeuropathy presents
- acute onset diplopia
- “down and out” position
- ptosis