Test 73: All Flashcards
branches of celiac trunk
- common hepatic
- splenic
- left gastric
MOA for Bordetella pertussis
overactivates adenylate cyclase ( increase cAMP)
MOA for Bacillus anthracis
mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme ( increase cAMP)
- neutrophil and macrophage dysfunction
Efficacy
measure of maximum pharmacodynamic effect achievable with a drug
Potency
dose of drug that is required to produce a given effect
Lower the ED50 of a drug, what is its potency
more potent
What receptors do Epinephrine work at
high doses: alpha1 vasoconstriction
low doses: beta2 vasodilation , increases heart rate and contractility
What receptors do Epinephrine work on
Alpha 1 and 2
Beta
Phenylephrine MOA
selective alpha-adrenergic agonist
MOA Phentolamine
non-specific alpha-1 and alpha 2 blocker
Isoproterenol MOA
non-selective Beta adrenergic agonist
Atropine MOA
competitive antagonist at post-junctional muscarinin receptors of the heart
MOA of Amphotericin B
binds ergosterol of fungal cell membranes
- can also bind cholesterol in humans
toxicity of Amphotericin B
- nephrotoxicity
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia
MOA of Griseofulvin
binding of micro tubular proteins
When is Griseofulvin used
against dermatophytes
patient has flank pain, hematuria, elevated lactate dehydrogenase ( cell necrosis) and wedge-shaped kidney on CT has what
renal infarction
Most common cause of renal infarction
thromboembolism
3rd week of pregnancy, yolk sac turns into what
allantois
What is urachus
duct between bladder and yolk sac
Allantois forms what
urachus
What is patent urachus? clinical presntation
total failure of urachus to obliterate
- straw-colored urine discharge from umbilicus
Where can ulnar nerve be injured
- medial epicondyle of humerus ( funny bone)
- Guyon’s canal near hook of hamate
- pisiform bone in wrist
clinical presentation for ulnar nerve injury
- sensory loss over medial 1.5 digits
- hypothenar eminence
- weakness of wrist flexion/adduction
- flexion of 4th/5th digits
What nerve innervates coracobrachialis muscle
musculocutaneous nerve
Fracture of surgical neck of humerus causes what nerve injury
axillary nerve
Fracture of mid shaft of humerus results in what nerve injury
radial nerve
Subluxation of radial head can hurt what nerve
deep branch of radial nerve
Where does splenic artery originate from
celiac artery
branches from splenic artery go where
stomach and pancreas
- pancreatic
- short gastric
- left gastroepiploic arteries
if splenic artery isn’t getting a good supply which branch would get the least supply of blood
short gastric ( no anastomoses )
Define sensitivity
ability to correctly identify those with the disease
pinna
visibile portion of ear
Cutaneous sensation to the posterior external auditory canal via same auricular branch
vagus nerve, rest of canal done by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
5-month baby consuming honey probably has what
C. botulinum spores
how do adults and infants consume botulinum
infants: consuming C. botulinum spores
adults: consuming preformed toxin
List some common features of Turner syndrome
- primary amenorrhea
- short stature
- high arched palate
- widely spaced nipples
define Primary amenorrhea
- absence of menses by age 15 with normal female
- absence of messes by age 13 with absent secondary sex characteristics
Normal epithelium of bronchi
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar cells
what does smoking do to bronchi
squamous cell metaplasia
equation for Filtration fraction
GFR/RPF
equation for determining renal plasma?
1-hematocrit
Majority of left ventricular blood flow occurs during what time
diastole
What portion of Left ventricle is prone to ischemia
subendocardial region
GI ulcer is unlikely to be malignant in which location
duodenum
Colonic adenocarcinomas at a young age along with predisposition for extra intestinal malignancies
Lynch syndrome
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
mutation in MSH2, MLH1
Lynch syndrome
If cardiovascular examination shows a cardiac point of maximal impulse that is palpated at the right 5th intercostal space, what does that mean
Situs inversus
If patient has Bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis and situs inverses >
Kartagener syndrome
What are common etiologies for dilated cardiomyopathy
ABCCCD
- alcohol abuse
- wet beriberi
- Coxsackie B
- Cocaine
- Chagas
- Doxorubicin
classic histo finding for tropheryma whippelii?
PAS + foamy macrophages in intestinal lamina propria
What are classic symptoms for Whipple disease
Cardiac, arthralgia and neurologic symptoms
treatment of amino salicylic acid derivatives are used for wht
Ulcerative colitis
treatment for whipple diseae
antibiotics
Cortisol increases the conversion of what in the adrenal medulla via?
norepinephrine to epinephrine
- Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
Role of Smooth ER
has enzymes for steroid and phospholipid biosynthesis
what organs are rich in smooth ER
- adrenal cortex
- gonads
- liver
Growth hormone binds to cell receptors and activates what pathway
JAK-STAT pathway
Ductus arteriosus is derived from what embryonic arch
- sixth embryonic aortic arch
Where is ductus arteriosus murmur heard
left infraclavicular region
bulbus cords gives rise to what
smooth parts of left and right ventricle
Primitive atrium forms what
rough portions of left and right atria
Left horn of suns venosus forms what
coronary sinus
right horn of sinus venosus forms what
smooth part of right atrium
India ink staining of CSF shows what for cyptococus neoformans
round or oval budding yeast
Treatment for narcolepsy
- daytime naps
- Modafinil for daytime sleepiness first line
- second line: amphetamines
What type of murmur is aortic stenosis
Crescendo-decrescendo murmur
When does aortic stenosis start and stop
- starts after first heart sound
- ends before A2 component of second heart sound
Patients with chronic aortic stenosis and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, what contributes significantly to left ventricular filling
atrial contraction
1-day-old infant has flat facial profile, protruding tongue, and small ears? what does baby have
Down syndrome
what is the number one cause for Down syndrome
meiotic nondisjunction
Reduced pulmonary parenchymal compliance is hallmark of what disease
pulmonary fibrosis
Antibodies to citrullinated peptides/proteins have a high specificity for what disease
rheumatoid arthritis
Anti-centromere antibodies are found in what
CREST syndrome
Anti-dsDNA is found in what
systemic lupus erythematosus
what is rheumatoid factor
autoantibodies targeting the Fc portion of human IgG
Where does hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis occur
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
most important virulence factor that uropathogenic E. coli express
P. fimbriae
ovarian torsion usually involves what ligament
infundibulopelvic ligament
what does ovarian ligament contain
nothing
what does infundibulopelvic ligament contain
ovarian vessels
chronic opioid users do not develop tolerance to what side effects
constipation and miosis
what is rheumatoid factor
IgM antibody
