test 50: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

In developed countries, aortic regurgitation is most commonly caused by what

A

aortic root dilation

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2
Q

What type of syndrome is seen in Hep B

A

Serum sickness-like ( fever, arthralgia, rash)

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3
Q

What characterizes acute HBV infection

A

elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase

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4
Q

characterize Gilbert Syndrome

A

mild unconjugated hyperbilirubin

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5
Q

Chronic cough and recurrent sinusitis in a young Caucasian individual should raise suspicion of what

A

Cystic fibrosis

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6
Q

In respiratory and gastric glands, impaired functioning of CFTR does what

A
  • reduces chloride secretion from cell to mucous

- increases sodium and net water absorption

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7
Q

In sweat glands, abnormal CFTS causes what

A
  • reduced chloride secretion back into cell

- increase Cl- content in sweat

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8
Q

Combination of acute-onset polyuria, polydipsia, volume depletion, and a fruity order in urine or breath suggests

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

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9
Q

how does the body react to diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  1. primary metabolic acidosis
  2. primary compensatory respiratory alkalosis
    - Kussmaul respirations
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10
Q

Severe DKA, with low bicarb levels and no compensation in CO2 levels, has what organ failure

A

respiratory failure

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11
Q

Is there sensory loss is ALS

A

no

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12
Q

Combination of fixed segmental loss of upper extremity pain and temperature sensations, upper extremity lower motor neuron signs, and/or lower extremity upper motor neuron signs in setting of scoliosis suggests

A

syringomyelia

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13
Q

Patient with secondary amenorrhea associated with low body weight, frequent strenuous exercise, and lanugo ( fine hair indicating inadequate caloric intake) suggests

A

functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

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14
Q

Why would amenorrhea cause functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

A
  • decrease adipose tissue stores
  • decrease circulating leptin levels
  • decreased leptin inhibits pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release
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15
Q

What is released by heart ventricles when they are stretched as they often are in CHF from systolic dysfunction

A

BNP

brain natriuretic peptide

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16
Q

role of BNP brain natruretic peptide

A
  • vasodilation and diuresis

- activates gaunylate cyclase, increase cGMP

17
Q

role of endothelin

A

vasoconstrict

18
Q

in pulmonary venous congestion what happens

A
  1. endothelial damage
  2. decrease NO production
  3. Increase endothelin production
19
Q

What are insulin, LH and androgen levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome

A
  • insuline resistance
  • increase LH
  • increase androgens
20
Q

patient wants to get pregnant with polycystic kidney disease, what do you give her

A
  • Clomiphene: estrogen receptor modulator that decrease negative feedback inhibition on hypothalamus by circulating estrogen, thereby decreasing gonadotropin production
21
Q

young male patient with sudden-onset unilateral chest pain, dyspnea and absent breath sounds on examination probably has

A

primary spontaneous pneumothroax

22
Q

Most important risk factor for primary spontaneous pneumothroax

A

smoking

23
Q

How does primary spontaneous pneumothroax occur

A
  • no preexisting pulmonary disease
  • large change in alveolar or intrapleural pressure
  • break in visceral pleura ( superficial bleb)
  • pleura and air trapping between pleural spaces
24
Q

Small cell lung carcinoma is associated with what risk factor and where is it located

A
  • smoking

- centrally

25
Q

Immunohistochemical stains are positive for what in small cell carcinoma of lung

A

Chromogranin

26
Q

Small cell carcinoma of lung arise from what

A
  • primitive cells of basal layer of bronchial epithelium
27
Q

What should be suspected in a patient with triad of muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distention and hypotension

A

cardiac tamponade