Diabetic Retinopthya

Question 1

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 1

Diabetic retinopathy is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, resulting from poor glycaemic control. This leads to vascular occlusion and leakage from the capillaries that supply the retina, causing retinal ischaemia, neovascularisation and, if left untreated, potential loss of sight.

Question 2

What

Question 3

What is mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 3

Microaneurysms and dot haemorrhages on fundoscopy.

Question 4

What is moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 4

Microaneurysms, dot and blot haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and hard exudates

Question 5

What is severe non proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 5

Beaded veins, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), and extensive retinal hemorrhages.

Question 6

What does severe diabetic reintopathy present with?

Answer 6

Engorged tortuous veins
Large blot haemorrhages

Question 7

What are the investigations for non diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 7

Fundoscopy
Optical coherence tomography

Question 8

What will fundoscopy show?

Answer 8

Microaneurysms
Hard exudates
Blot haemorrhages

Question 9

What is the management of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 9

Laser photocoagulation
Anti-VEGF agents
Optimise blood glucose control

Question 10

How to manage diabetic macular oedema?

Answer 10

Anti-VEGF

Question 11

What is the treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 11

Immediate referral for pan-retinal photocoagulation