Urinalysis

Question 1

What is the normal range of urine pH?

Answer 1

4.5 to 8.

Question 2

What causes a high urine pH?

Answer 2

Stale urine pH
Diet high in vegetable and cereals
Vomiting
Respiratory and Metabolic alkalosis
Urinary tract infection with ammonia forming organism

Question 3

What causes a low urine pH?

Answer 3

Respiratory/ metabolic acidosis
Diet high in meat/protein
Starvation
Diarrhoea

Question 4

What is a specific gravity of urine?

Answer 4

Density of urine in terms of the concentration of solutes. It is used to identify dehydration, diabetes insipidus or

Question 5

What is the normal range for specific gravity of urine?

Answer 5

1.002 to 1.035

Question 6

What causes a high specific gravity of urine?

Answer 6

High conc of solutes:
Dehydration

Question 7

What causes a low specific gravity of urine?

Answer 7

Low solute concentration due to:
High fluid intake
Diabetes insipudus

Question 8

What causes glucose in the urine?

Answer 8

Diabetes mellitus
Cushing’s Syndrome
Acute pancreatitis
Pregnancy (if blood glucose is not raised)

Question 9

What does high bilirubin indicate?

Answer 9

Hepatic or biliary disease

Question 10

What causes a false negative bilirubin?

Answer 10

Stale urine sample.

Question 11

What causes a false positive bilirubin?

Answer 11

Medication such as thiazides and chlorpromazine (antipsychotic)

Question 12

What does a high ketone level indicate?

Answer 12

Diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled)
Extreme starvation/dieting

Question 13

What causes blood in urine?

Answer 13

Renal/Bladder stones
Trauma
Infection
Tumour

Question 14

What causes false positive blood result?

Answer 14

Menstrual blood
Strenuous exercise
Dehydration

Question 15

What causes proteinuria?

Answer 15

Pre-eclampsia
Nephrotic syndrome
Urinary tract infection
Renal disease
Congestive heart failure

Question 16

What does a fishy odour of urine indicate?

Answer 16

Cloudy in appearance due to nitrites present from infection.

Question 17

What does a stagnant water smell indicate?

Answer 17

Pseudomonas infection

Question 18

What causes a false positive leukocyte result?

Answer 18

Vaginal secretions

Question 19

What causes a false negative result?

Answer 19

Vitamin C intake
Increased specific gravity
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
Proteinuria

Question 20

Change in urine colour to blue/green?

Answer 20

Pseudomonas infection

Question 21

Orange urine?

Answer 21

Urobilinogen

Question 22

Urine colour to brown?

Answer 22

Disease of gallbladder or liver

Question 23

Urine becomes black/dark brown?

Answer 23

Malignant melanoma
Myoglobin