Urinalysis Flashcards
What is the normal range of urine pH?
4.5 to 8.
What causes a high urine pH?
Stale urine pH
Diet high in vegetable and cereals
Vomiting
Respiratory and Metabolic alkalosis
Urinary tract infection with ammonia forming organism
What causes a low urine pH?
Respiratory/ metabolic acidosis
Diet high in meat/protein
Starvation
Diarrhoea
What is a specific gravity of urine?
Density of urine in terms of the concentration of solutes. It is used to identify dehydration, diabetes insipidus or
What is the normal range for specific gravity of urine?
1.002 to 1.035
What causes a high specific gravity of urine?
High conc of solutes:
Dehydration
What causes a low specific gravity of urine?
Low solute concentration due to:
High fluid intake
Diabetes insipudus
What causes glucose in the urine?
Diabetes mellitus
Cushing’s Syndrome
Acute pancreatitis
Pregnancy (if blood glucose is not raised)
What does high bilirubin indicate?
Hepatic or biliary disease
What causes a false negative bilirubin?
Stale urine sample.
What causes a false positive bilirubin?
Medication such as thiazides and chlorpromazine (antipsychotic)
What does a high ketone level indicate?
Diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled)
Extreme starvation/dieting
What causes blood in urine?
Renal/Bladder stones
Trauma
Infection
Tumour
What causes false positive blood result?
Menstrual blood
Strenuous exercise
Dehydration
What causes proteinuria?
Pre-eclampsia
Nephrotic syndrome
Urinary tract infection
Renal disease
Congestive heart failure
What does a fishy odour of urine indicate?
Cloudy in appearance due to nitrites present from infection.
What does a stagnant water smell indicate?
Pseudomonas infection
What causes a false positive leukocyte result?
Vaginal secretions
What causes a false negative result?
Vitamin C intake
Increased specific gravity
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
Proteinuria
Change in urine colour to blue/green?
Pseudomonas infection
Orange urine?
Urobilinogen
Urine colour to brown?
Disease of gallbladder or liver
Urine becomes black/dark brown?
Malignant melanoma
Myoglobin
