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Year 3 > Metabolic Block Formative > Flashcards

Metabolic Block Formative Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum?

A

Skin condition on the shin, assoicated with blood vessel inflammation related to autoimmunity which is more common in Type 1 diabetics.

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2
Q

What is the most common ulcer in type 2 diabetic?

A

Venous ulcers, which are shallow with a granulated base and present with venous insufficiency. They are prone to infection and present with cellulitis, occurring due to impaired venous return that results in stasis of blood flow so WBC cause tissue injury and necrosis.

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3
Q

What is Buerger’s disease?

A
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4
Q

What causes purpura on the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, along with microscopic haematuria?

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura, which is secondary to IgA immune complex deposition.

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5
Q

What is the most common type of Haemophilia?

A

Haemophilia A, caused by factor VIII deficiency

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6
Q

A 35-year-old man presents with easy bruising. He is otherwise well, and his platelet count is low, but his full blood count is otherwise normal. What is the most likely diagnosis

A

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

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7
Q

What is the screening for diabetic nephropathy?

A

Early morning urine for albumin to creatinine ratio.

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8
Q

What is the early sign for diabetic nephropathy?

A

Albuminuria, which is too low to be detected by urine dipstick, so early morning urine for albumin to creatinine ratio is most effective.

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9
Q

What is an indication in diabetics for insulin therapy?

A

Ketonuria, which points to type 1 diabetes.

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10
Q

What are the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

They improve blood glucose, blood pressure and help with weight loss through loss of glucose in urine promoting 200-300 net loss of calories a day.

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11
Q

Which finding on blood test indicates thyrotoxicosis?

A

Suppressed serum TSH

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12
Q

How does hyperthyroidism affect the skin?

A

Causes greasy skin.

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13
Q

What is the initial screening test for suspected Cushing’s syndrome?

A

24 hour urinary free cortisol

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14
Q

What does raised ASO mean?

A

Higher anti-streptolysin O titre which indicates recent streptococcal infection.

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15
Q

What is diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

Causes crescent granular subendothelial immune complex deposition. It encompasses a variety of disorders with this histology, including lupus nephropathy, vasculitis and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

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16
Q

Which drugs cause acute interstitial nephritis?

A

Penicillins
Diuretics
NSAIDs

17
Q

What are the barriers to live donor transplant?

A

Cancer history LESS than 3 years post curative treatment -MOST IMPORTANT
ABO group compatible
Rhesus compatibility
History of chronic conditions like hypertension
Pregnancy increases the risk of rejection due to higher sensitivity to HLA antigens

18
Q

What are the medications licensed to treat obesity in the UK?

A

Orlistat
Liraglutide

19
Q

what is the most common cause of end stage kidney disease in children?

A

Dysplasia kidneys, related to autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease or cancers.

20
Q

What is a Charcot joint?

A
21
Q

How does multiple myeloma affect bones?

A

Causes lytic bone lesions, which is only visible on X-ray and CT; it cannot be seen on an Isotope scan.

22
Q

What are the features of nephritic syndrome?

A

Visible haematuria which can appear dark or tea coloured brown
Hypertension
Oedema
Oliguria
Proteinuria

23
Q

Which immune cells are not affected in bone marrow failure?

A

Lymphocytes because they can form in the lymph nodes. Marrow failure causes fat deposition in bone and causes a decrease in all blood-forming elements.

24
Q

What are the chronic complications of chemotherapy?

A

Secondary tumours
Infertility
Peripheral neuropathy

25
Q

What is the most common acute manifestation of radiation toxicity?

A

Mucositis.

26
Q

What is elliptocytosis?

A

RBCs have an abnormal elliptical shape which can result in Haemolysis.w

27
Q

What should be assessed in urinary retention?

A

Neurological function

28
Q

What condition can mimic hypercalcaemia?

A

Hyperglycaemia so blood glucose should be checked

29
Q

What is a common off-target side effect of treatment of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Renal carcinoma is typically treated with mTOR, a protein kinase drug that regulates cell growth and can cause Hypothyroidism.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors can also be used.

30
Q

Which pain relief is given for renal colic?

A

NSAIDs and opioids.

31
Q

What is the CSII pump?

A

Provision of fast acting insulin, which is typically Lisopro.

32
Q

Which diabetic drug is weight neutral?

A

Metformin

33
Q

Which substance won’t be affected by dialysis in kidney failure?

A

Haemoglobin- only electrolytes can cross the semipermeable membrane

Year 3 (38 decks)

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