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intro psych > chapter 6.2 > Flashcards

chapter 6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

are behaviours of people random?

A

no, people tend to repeat actions that previously led to positive or rewarding outcomes, if the outcome was negative or a punishment then you are less likely to preform the action

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2
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

a type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences

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3
Q

what is an example of operant conditioning?

A

if you touch the hot stove and burn your self, you wont touch it again

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4
Q

why is contingency important in operant conditioning?

A

because the consequence depends on an action

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5
Q

what is an example of contingency?

A

earning good grades is generally contingent upon studying effectively

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6
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

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7
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

the idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation, whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely

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8
Q

what are operant chambers / skinners box?

A

refer to a clear plastic box that the rats are in with a lever or key that the subject can manipulate that may result in the delivery of a reinforcer such as food

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9
Q

what is a reinforcer?

A

a stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again

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10
Q

what is a punishment?

A

a process that decreases the future probability of a response

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11
Q

what is a punisher?

A

a stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that results in a decrease in behaviour

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12
Q

are punishers and reinforcers based on the stimuli themselves or the effects on behaviour?

A

the effects on behaviour

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13
Q

what is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

A

in classical conditioning a response is not required for a reward (US) to be presented, but in operant conditioning it is

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14
Q

what is a positive reinforcement?

A

the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money or nourishment follow that (adds positive stimulus)

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15
Q

what is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

if you laugh at the professors jokes, the praise will serve as a reward and will increase the likelihood of your professor telling more jokes

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16
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

involves strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a negative stimulus

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17
Q

what is an example of negative reinforcement?

A

taking an aspirin is negatively reinforces because taking it removes painful headaches

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18
Q

what are the 2 categories of negative reinforcement?

A

avoidance learning
escape learning

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19
Q

what is avoidance learning?

A

a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes that possibility that a stimulus will occur

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20
Q

what is an example of avoidance learning?

A

leaving early from a sporting event to avoid the traffic and rush

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21
Q

what is escape learning?

A

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

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22
Q

what is an example of escape learning?

A

covering your ears upon hearing overwhelmingly loud music

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23
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

a process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular unpleasant stimulus (adds stimulus)

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24
Q

what is an example of positive punishment?

A

cat owners use a spray bottle to squirt water on the cat when it acts out

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25
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

occurs when a behaviour is decreased because it removes or a particular positive stimulus

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26
Q

what is an example of negative punishment?

A

grounding a child when they act out, taking away spending time with friends

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27
Q

what is shaping?

A

a process of reinforcing successive approximations (steps) of a specific operant response

28
Q

how is shaping done?

A

in a step-by-step process until the desired response

29
Q

what is chaining?

A

involves linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions

30
Q

what is an example of when chaining would be used?

A

do get an animal to act a certain way for a movie

31
Q

what is applied behaviour analysis (ABA)?

A

involves using close observation, prompting and reinforcement to teach behaviour

32
Q

when are applied behaviour analysis often implemented?

A

to assist people develop skills that they have difficulty attaining due to a developmental condition such as autism

33
Q

how do psychologists who specialize in applied behaviour analysis shape the desired behaviour?

A

using prompts (asking child to stand up, gather silverware, stack plates) and verbal rewards as each step is completed

34
Q

what are the 2 main forms of reinforcers?

A

primary reinforces
secondary reinforcers

35
Q

what are primary reinforcers?

A

reinforcers that use reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs, needs that affect an individual’s ability to survive

36
Q

what is an example of primary reinforcers?

A

food, water shelter, sexual contact

37
Q

what are secondary reinforcers?

A

reinforcers that use reinforcing stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn their value

38
Q

what is an example of secondary reinforcers?

A

money, likes on social media, XP in video games

39
Q

what structure in our brain do all reinforcers activate?

A

the nucleus accumbens

40
Q

what do secondary reinforcers target in our brain?

A

the release of dopamine in reward areas

41
Q

what is discriminative stimulus?

A

a cue or an event that indicates a response ,if made, will be reinforced

42
Q

what is an example of discriminative stimulus?

A

before we pour a cup of coffee we might check wether the light on the coffee maker is on

only asking to borrow your parents car when they are in a good mood

43
Q

what is delayed reinforcement?

A

when the reward or punishment does not happen right away after the action

44
Q

how do delayed reinforcement impact human behaviours?

A

drugs for example, drugs that have their effect sooner after they are taken are generally more addicting

45
Q

what is discrimination in operant conditioning?

A

there is no response to a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus used during learning

46
Q

what is generalization in operant conditioning?

A

responding occurs to a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus used during learning

47
Q

what is extinction in operant conditioning?

A

responding gradually ceases if reinforcement is no longer available

48
Q

what are schedules of reinforcement?

A

rules that determine when reinforcement is available

49
Q

what is continuous reinforcement?

A

when every response made results in reinforcement, can result in learning quite rapidly

50
Q

what is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

A

when only a certain number of responses are rewarded or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

51
Q

what are the 4 schedules of reinforcement?

A

fixed-ratio schedule
variable ratio schedule
fixed interval schedule
variable interval schedule

52
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

53
Q

what is an example of a fixed ratio schedule?

A

a worker gets paid based on how many items they made

54
Q

what is a variable ratio schedule?

A

the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average

55
Q

what is an example of a variable ratio schedule?

A

slot machines, there needs to be an average of losses before the jackpot is paid out

56
Q

what is a fixed interval schedule?

A

reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes

57
Q

what is an example of a fixed interval schedule?

A

if you have a test every 4 weeks, your studying is on a fixed interval schedule, 3 weeks of no studying goes by then 1 week of studying happens

58
Q

what is a variable interval schedule?

A

the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

59
Q

what is an example of a variable interval schedule?

A

you are looking in the sky for meters and you are rewarded by seeing a meteor at random times

60
Q

what is the partial reinforcement theory?

A

refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resit extinction longer than those conditioned under reinforcement (most likely because they are accustomed to not receiving reinforcement for every response)

61
Q

are people more sensitive to unpleasantness of punishments or the pleasantness of rewards?

A

they are more sensitive to the unpleasantness of punishments

62
Q

what are the 5 principles that are followed when punishment tends to be most effective?

A

severity
initial punishment level
continuity
consistency
show alternatives

63
Q

when does severity make punishment most effective?

A

when the severity is proportional to the offence

64
Q

when does initial punishment level make punishment most effective?

A

when the initial punishment level of punishment is string enough to reduce the likely hood of the offence occurring again

65
Q

when does continuity make punishment most effective?

A

when the punishment is received right after the offence happened

66
Q

when does consistency make punishment most effective?

A

when it is administered consistently after every offence

67
Q

when does showing alternatives make punishment most effective?

A

punishment is more successful and side effects are reduced if the individual is clear on how reinforcement can be obtained by engaging in appropriate behaviours

intro psych (42 decks)

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