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intro psych > chapter 10.2 > Flashcards

chapter 10.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are sensitive periods?

A

windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development for a specific ability

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2
Q

what is an example of a sensitive periods?

A

to become fluent in a langue infants need to be exposed to speech during their first few years of life

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3
Q

what are the 5 skills that need sensitive periods to develop?

A

language fluency
depth perception
balance
recognition of parents
identifying with a particular culture

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4
Q

what is cognitive development?

A

the study of changes in memory, thought and reasoning that occur throughout the lifespan

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5
Q

what are the 2 central processes jean Piaget believes is involved in learning?

A

assimilation
accommodation

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6
Q

what is assimilation?

A

fitting new information into the belief system you already posses

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7
Q

what is an example of assimilation?

A

young children may think that all girls have long hair and as they encounter more examples of this pattern they will assimilate them into their current understanding

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8
Q

what is accommodation?

A

a creative process where people modify their belief structures based on experience

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9
Q

what Is an example of accommodation?

A

when young kids run into girls with short hair or guys with long hair it changes their perception that only girls have long hair

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10
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

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11
Q

what ages does sensorimotor development happen?

A

0-2 years

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12
Q

what is sensorimotor development?

A

infants thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory and develop object permanence

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13
Q

what is object permanence?

A

the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived

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14
Q

when does pre operational development happen?

A

2-7 years

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15
Q

what is pre operational development?

A

children gain language development, the use of symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation

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16
Q

what is conservation?

A

the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object

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17
Q

what is an example of conservation?

A

a conservation of a liquid task, a child is shown two identical glasses, the researcher pours the liquid from a normal glass into a tall skinny glass, conservation helps them understand it is the same amount of liquid just it looks bigger

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18
Q

when does concrete operational development happen?

A

7-11 years

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19
Q

what is concrete operational development?

A

children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers

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20
Q

when does formal operational development happen?

A

11 years - adulthood

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21
Q

what is formal operational development?

A

development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking

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22
Q

what is the core knowledge hypothesis?

A

proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

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23
Q

what is habituation?

A

refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event

24
Q

what is an example of habituation?

A

if an infant is shown the same stimulus over and over again, they will stop looking at it

25
Q

what is an example of dishabituation?

A

an increase in responsiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus

26
Q

what did lev vygotsky propose?

A

the zone of proximal development

27
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress

28
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

a highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learners needs

29
Q

what causes a difference of scaffolding in parents?

A

the different cultures that the parents are from

30
Q

what is attachment?

A

the enduring emotional bond formed between individuals, initially between infants and care givers

31
Q

what was the observation harry Harlow made?

A

he was researching infant monkey and raising them in their cage without their mothers, he noticed the infant monkeys would passionately cling to the cloth pads that lined their cages

32
Q

what is the strange situation test?

A

a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort

33
Q

what are the 3 kinds of attachment styles that were observed in the strange situation test?

A

secure attachment
anxious attatchment
avoidant attachment

34
Q

what is secure attachment?

A

the care giver is a secure base that the child turns toward occasionally checking in for reassurance as hey explore the room

35
Q

what is anxious attachment?

A

the care giver is a base of security but the child depends to strongly on the caregiver

36
Q

what is avoidant attachment?

A

the child behaves as if they do not need to care giver at all

37
Q

what are the 2 psychobiological systems?

A

attachment behavioural system
caregiving behavioural system

38
Q

what is the attachment behavioural system?

A

focus on meeting our own needs for security

39
Q

what is the caregiving behavioural system?

A

focus in meeting the needs of others

40
Q

how does the attachment behavioural system impact the caregiving behavioural system?

A

when the attachment behavioural system is activated it overtakes the caregiving behavioural system

41
Q

how will the attachment behavioural system impact an insecure person?

A

if someone is very insecure it will be hard for them to take others needs in to consideration

42
Q

what is introjection?

A

the internalization of the conditional regard of significant others

43
Q

how can introjection impact of people?

A

if people motivate themselves through introjection the more unstable their self-esteem and the worse they cope with failure

44
Q

what is inductive discipline?

A

involves explaining the consequences of a Childs actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings

45
Q

when do toddlers develop self-awareness?

A

between 18-24 months

46
Q

what is self awareness?

A

the ability to recognize one individuality

47
Q

what is egocentric?

A

meaning that they consider their own perspective

48
Q

are toddlers often considered egocentric?

A

yes

49
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that may be different from ones own

50
Q

at what age can infants identify if other people are helping others?

A

6 months they showed a preference for people who help other people reach their goals

51
Q

how old can infants recognize when another individual needs help?

A

around 9 months

52
Q

how old do infants start to under stand the idea of fairness?

A

6 - 16 months

53
Q

when do infants go through a helper stage?

A

14 months to 7 years

54
Q

what is the helper stage?

A

they want to always help a parent with any actions

55
Q

how can growing up in a socially unsupportive environment impact a child (Romanian orphanages)?

A

cognitive imparments
problems with attention
attachment problems (attach to randoms)
unusual social interactions

intro psych (38 decks)

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