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intro psych > chapter 5.1 > Flashcards

chapter 5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is consciousness?

A

a persons subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world and self awareness

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2
Q

what are biological rhythms?

A

when organisms are neatly adapted to their cycles in their environment

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3
Q

what are circannual rhythm?

A

a behaviour that happens on a yearly basis (EG bears hibernating)

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4
Q

what is an infra radian rhythm?

A

a rhythm that occurs with a much greater frequency than once a month (EG, heart rate or peeing)

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5
Q

what is a circadian rhythm?

A

internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes

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6
Q

what are some examples of circadian rhythms?

A

your tendency to be asleep or awake at specific times

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7
Q

what is entrainment?

A

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature or even a clock

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8
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic (SCN)?

A

a part of the brain that communicates signals of light levels with the pineal glands to create melatonin

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9
Q

why is entrainment important?

A

so we know to get in to rhythms depending on our surroundings, eg sleeping when it dark and awake when its light

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10
Q

what are endogenous rhythms?

A

biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

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11
Q

why is it tricky to study endogenous rhythms?

A

because to os difficult to remove external cues from a persons life

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12
Q

how did researchers overcome the problems with studying endogenous rhythms?

A

researchers asking people to volunteer to to spend months in caves or isolation chambers

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13
Q

what can cause our circadian rhythm to change?

A

age

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14
Q

what rhythm can age change?

A

it can change how much rem sleep is needed

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15
Q

what are some examples of age causing changes in chronotypes?

A

when you are young you need more rem sleep than when your older to promote growth

when your in your teens and 20s you may become more of a night owl and stay up later and sleep in

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16
Q

what are chronotypes?

A

the tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24 hour period

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17
Q

are chronotypes just changes in preferences?

A

no there has been studies that show that people show a higher alertness and cognitive function during their preferred time of day

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18
Q

what is a polysomnography?

A

a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

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19
Q

what are the 2 waves measured on an EEG machine?

A

beta waves
alpha waves

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20
Q

what are beta waves?

A

waves with a high frequency and low amplitude (15-30) HZ and are the characteristic of wakefulness and causes activity in the cortex

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21
Q

what are alpha waves?

A

waves with (8-14 HZ) and signal that a person may be day dreaming, meditating or starting to fall asleep

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22
Q

what are the 4 stages of sleep that an EEG picks up?

A

stage 1: brain waves slow down and become high amplitude waves (theta waves 4-8 HZ, when a person starts to sleep

stage 2: clusters of high frequency and low amplitude wages, these are what play a role in helping maintain a state of sleep

stage 3: brain waves slow down and form delta waves (large looping waves less than 3 HZ) this is during the deepest part of sleep

stage 4: this is when the sleeper will be difficult to wave up

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23
Q

how long does it take to go from stage 1 to stage 4 of sleep?

A

about an hour

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24
Q

when does a person get in to rem sleep?

A

about an hour in to sleeping

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25
Q

what is REM sleep?

A

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movements and rapid eye movements

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26
Q

how long does to body cycle from deep sleep stages in to rem sleep?

A

about every 90 - 100 minutes

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27
Q

what are the 2 theories as to why we need sleep?

A

restore and repair hypothesis
preserve and protect hypothesis

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28
Q

what is the rest and restore hypothesis?

A

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the days activities

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29
Q

what can a lack of sleep lead to?

A

cognitive decline, emotional disturbances and impaired functioning of the immune system

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30
Q

when does the body clear waste products and excess proteins from the brain?

A

during sleep

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31
Q

what is the preserve and protect hypothesis?

A

suggests that two or more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism

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32
Q

what do these 2 theories provide for us regarding sleep?

A

they provide the understanding that any animal sleeps because it needs a combination of restoration and repair along with its need for preservation and protection

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33
Q

what is sleep deprivation?

A

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

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34
Q

what are 7 impairments caused by sleep deprivation?

A

difficulties multi tasking
difficulties maintain attention for long periods
difficulties assessing risks
difficulties incorporating new information into plans
poor working memory
poor inhibiting response
difficulty keeping information in proper order

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35
Q

what are 5 problems besides cognitive problems that sleep deprivation can cause?

A

physical illness
family problems
substance abuse
academic problems
poor coordination

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36
Q

what else can cause errors with cognition and coordination?

A

these can occur when the timing of sleep is altered

37
Q

what is sleep displacement?

A

the phenomena that occurs when people are prevented from sleeping at normal time although they may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

38
Q

what is an example of sleep displacement?

A

a couple flies from Winnipeg to London and sleep at their usual time of 12AM, but their body rhythms are operating 6 hours ahead, this will cause them to experience sleep displacement for a couple days

39
Q

what is jet lag?

A

the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness

40
Q

what causes more or less jet lag?

A

depends on how many time zones you traveling across

some people find it easier to adjust when flying west

41
Q

what is a very common thing that can cause sleep displacement similar to jet lag?

A

working night shifts

42
Q

is sleep deprivation always caused by external factors like traveling or work?

A

no it can be caused by our own behaviours, like consuming to much caffeine before bed

43
Q

how many factors of subtypes of dreams are there?

A

16

44
Q

what dreams are women more likely to have?

A

negative dreams related to failures, loss of control and freighting animals

45
Q

what dreams are men more likely to have?

A

positive dreams related to magical abilities and encounters with alien life

46
Q

who created our earliest and most influential theories about dreams?

A

sigmund frued called “the interpretation of dreams”

47
Q

how did Sigmund freud view dreams?

A

unconscious expression of with fulfillment based on primal urges of sex and aggression, but in out sleep we lose the power to suppress urges and create vivid imagery

48
Q

what are the 2 forms of imagery that dreams can take in dreams?

A

manifest content
latent content

49
Q

what is manifest content?

A

the images and storylines that we dream about

50
Q

what is latent content?

A

the symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

51
Q

what is the problem-solving theory?

A

a theory that thoughts and concerns are concuss from working to sleeping, and that dreams might function to facilitate solutions to problems while awake

52
Q

what does the problem-solving theory not explain?

A

if or how any specific cognitive mechanisms are inner influences by dreaming

53
Q

what is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

the theory that suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating form bursts of expiatory messages from the pons

54
Q

what initiates the activation in the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

the brain stem is responsible for activation by sending stimulus to the occipital and temporal lobes of the brain

55
Q

what initiates the synthesis in the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

from different areas of the cortex of the brain when they try to make sense of all the images, sounds, emotions and memories created by this activation

56
Q

what is the most widely spread sleep problem?

A

insomnia

57
Q

what is insomnia?

A

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

58
Q

how many canadian suffer from insomnia?

A

24% or 9 million people

59
Q

why is insomnia catagorized in terms of how rested people feel and not in terms of how many hours of sleep someone got?

A

the average sleep an adult needs to feel rested is 7-8 hours, but substantial differences exist for people

60
Q

if a person feels that their sleep disturbances is affecting their schoolwork, job, or family and social life, is it considered a problem?

A

yes that would be thought of as a sleep disorder

61
Q

how long does this lack of restfulness impacting a persons life have to go on for before it is considered insomnia?

A

it would gave to be present for 3 months or more

62
Q

what are the 3 kinds of insomnias?

A

onset insomnea
maintenance insomnia
terminal insomnia or early morning insomnia

63
Q

what is onset insomnia?

A

occurs when a person has difficulty falling asleep (taking 30 mins or more

64
Q

what is maintenance insomnia?

A

occurs when an individual cannot easily return to sleep after waking up in the night

65
Q

what is terminal or early morning insomnia?

A

occurs when a person wakes up hours to early and cannot fall back asleep

66
Q

what is secondary insomnia?

A

when insomnia occurs as part of another problem such as depression, pain, developmental disorders like ADHD or drug use

67
Q

what are nightmares?

A

when dreams are particularly vivid and disturbing and occur during REM sleep

68
Q

how many adults can remember having bad dreams that have negative emotional content such as feeling lost sad to anger within a one year period?

A

85%-95%

69
Q

what percentage of adults and children have night terrors?

A

1%-6% of children
1% of adults

70
Q

what are night terrors?

A

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual and put them in a heightened emotional state

71
Q

when do these night terrors often occur?

A

during NREM sleep and a majority don’t remember any specific dream content

72
Q

what are REM behaviour disorders?

A

a condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep and sleeps appear to be acting out the content of their dreams

73
Q

how can REM behaviour disorders be treated?

A

with benzodiazepines by inhibiting the central nervous system

74
Q

what is somnambulism?

A

a sleepwalking disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

75
Q

when does somnambulism often occur?

A

during NREM sleep and stages 3 and 4

76
Q

what stage of life does somnambulism often occur?

A

in children

77
Q

is it dangerous to wake a sleep walker up?

A

no

78
Q

are there any medicines for sleep walking?

A

no

79
Q

what is sexomnia?

A

when individuals enhance in sexual activity such as touching their self or touching others, vocalizations and sex themed talk during stages 3 and 4 of sleep

80
Q

what is sleep apnea?

A

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep

81
Q

what is the most common factor for sleep apnea?

A

when people are overweight and it is twice as prevalent in men as opposed to women

82
Q

what is some treatment for mild sleep apnea?

A

dental devices that hold the mouth in a certain position
wight loss
in severe cases, a CPAP machine

83
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

a disorder in which a person experience extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

84
Q

how long to narcolepsy episodes last?

A

a few seconds to a few minutes

85
Q

why are narcolepsy episodes dangerous?

A

if people are driving or standing they may fall asleep

86
Q

how fast will a person experiencing narcolepsy go in to REM sleep?

A

immediately, they will go from walking in to REM sleep

87
Q

why does narcolepsy occur?

A

when someone’s brain has fewer brain cells that create a hormone called orexin

88
Q

what is orexin?

A

a hormone that is responsible for function to maintain wakeful ness

89
Q

what are the 8 non pharmacological techniques for improving sleep?

A

1) use your bed for sleeping only
2) do not put to much effort in to falling sleep
3) keep your clock out of sight
4) get exercise early in the day
5) avoid substances that disrupt sleep
6) don’t lie in bed stressing at night
7) if you can’t sleep for 30 mins, go do something else
8) get up at the same time every morning

intro psych (42 decks)

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