chapter 13.1

Question 1

what did Kurt Lewin believe about behaviour?

Answer 1

behaviour is a function of the person and the environment that person is in B= f (P.E)

Question 2

what is the biggest part of E, in B= f (P.E)?

Answer 2

the biggest part of environment is the social environment

Question 3

what have neuroscientists observed as to why social influences have been incorporated into our thoughts and behaviours?

Answer 3

due to synchronization

Question 4

what is synchronization?

Answer 4

when two individuals engage in social interactions and their speech, language and even psyiological activity becomes more alike

Question 5

what is mimicry?

Answer 5

taking on behaviours, emotional displays and facial expressions of others

Question 6

what social function does subtle mimicry serve?

Answer 6

it serves as a “social glue” and helps coordinate behaviours in social settings. it helps people feel reassured and validated by others

Question 7

how will someone feel if someone is intentionally mimicking them?

Answer 7

the person who is being mimicked will dislike the person who is mimicking them

Question 8

what are social norms?

Answer 8

they are unwritten guidelines for how to behaviour in social contexts

Question 9

what are some of the more readily observable norms?

Answer 9

roles associated with age, gender and socioeconomic class that impact our manners, clothes we wear

Question 10

how do most norms emerge?

Answer 10

they emerge naturally through social interactions

Question 11

what is ostracism?

Answer 11

being ignored or excluded from social contact

Question 12

how can ostracism help people act more “normal”?

Answer 12

it can lead to hyper-normative behaviour for individuals who experience a high need to belong

Question 13

what are social roles?

Answer 13

guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group

Question 14

what was the Stanford exepriment?

Answer 14

when a group of young men randomly assigned them roles prisoners and guards, they were coached on how to fit in to these roles as best as possible, gaurds become hostile and the prisoners became submissive and it got out of hand and was shut down

Question 15

what is an exam of norms impacting a person?

Answer 15

if a person going to a university thinks the norms around drinking are high and everyone drinks a lot, they will most likely end up drinking more when they are on campus

Question 16

what is social loafing?

Answer 16

occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others

Question 17

what can social loafing cause?

Answer 17

it can cause groups to produce poorer outcomes in projects

Question 18

what kind of tasks can social loafing occur in?

Answer 18

any tasks, physical activites, cognitive activities, and creative activities

Question 19

why do people loaf?

Answer 19

because they think that other in their group are also not doing their best, setting up a social norm that “people in this group don’t work very hard” so they don’t work very hard

Question 20

what are the 4 factors that encourage loafing?

Answer 20

low efficacy beliefs

believing that an individuals contributions are not important

not caring about the groups outcome

feeling like other are not trying hard

Question 21

what are low efficacy beliefs?

Answer 21

believing that the taks is to difficult to complex so people don’t know where to start

Question 22

what is social facilitation?

Answer 22

occurs when one performance is affected by the presence of others

Question 23

what is an example of social facilitation?

Answer 23

cyclists ride faster when racing against each other than when trying to beat the clock

Question 24

what is conformity?

Answer 24

a change in behaviour of an individual to fit in with a group

Question 25

what are the 2 reasons why we conform?

Answer 25

normative influence
informational influence

Question 26

what is normative influence?

Answer 26

the result of social pressure to adopt a groups perspective in order to be accepted rather than rejected by the group, the person doesn’t even know they are acting different

Question 27

what is informal influence?

Answer 27

occurs when people feel the group is giving them useful information

Question 28

why would normative influence cause conformity?

Answer 28

the person would act a certain way to avoid criticism or rejection from the group

Question 29

why would informal influence cause conformity?

Answer 29

they will conform so they can gain information from the people they are trying to be like (conforming to somone who has good fashion taste to become friends and get their insight)

Question 30

what is group think?

Answer 30

a decision-making problem in which members avoid arguments and strive for agreement

Question 31

does group think always promote good decisions?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

what are the 3 main problems that occur from group think?

Answer 32

group members may minimize or ignore potential problems and risks in the ideas they are considering

groups will likely settle too quickly on ideas, because social pressures will make people uncomfortable with prolonging a decision making process

groups often become overconfident and therefore less likely to carefully examine the consequences of their decisions

Question 33

what was the milligram experiment and what was the result?

Answer 33

that 65% of the men continued to shock the man who could not remember the words that the “teacher/shocker” was reading to them, they only figure of authority was a man in a lab coat saying to continue and 65% did

Question 34

what is the bystander effect?

Answer 34

the observation that an individual is less likely to help when they perceive that others are not helping

Question 35

what is the diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 35

the reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation

Question 36

what is altruism?

Answer 36

helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

Question 37

what is an example of altruism?

Answer 37

a man leaping infront of a subway train to save a stranger

Question 38

what is an example of the bystander effect?

Answer 38

if there are 2 kids fighting and the more kids that are around watching the less inclined you will be to help break up the fight