Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

intro psych > chapter 10.1 > Flashcards

chapter 10.1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is developmental psychology?

A

the study of human, physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 2 ways to measure changes overtime?

A

cross sectional design
longitudinal design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a cross-sectional design?

A

used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an example of a cross sectional design?

A

to study cognition from infancy to adult hood, you could compare people of different age groups, groups of 1,5,10 and 20 year olds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are longitudinal design?

A

follows the development of the same set of indivudlas through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 benefits of cross-sectional design?

A

cost effective
allow a study to be done quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the negative of cross-sectional studies?

A

they can suffer from cohort effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the cohort effect?

A

differences among people that result in being born in different time periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the benefit of longitudinal designs?

A

they do not suffer from cohort effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 4 negative to longitudinal studies?

A

they are difficult to carry out
costly
time consuming
suffer from attrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is attrition?

A

occurs when participants drop out of a study for various reasons such as losing interest or moving away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are state models?

A

different levels of human development that emphasize the differente between stages, periods of growth of new skills and the periods of rapid change between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a zygote?

A

the initial cell formed when the neucili of egg and sperm fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the germinal stage?

A

the first phase of prenatal development which spans from conception to two weeks, beginning with the formation of the zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the zygote do shortly after it forms?

A

begins dividing, first into two cells, then 4 then 8 and so on a d travels down the fallopian tubes towards the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the embryonic stage?

A

spans two weeks through eight, during which time the embryo begins developing major physical structures such as the heart and nervous system as well as the beginnings of arms, legs, hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the fetal stage?

A

spans week eight through birth during which time the skeletal, organ and nervous system become more developed and specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when are the beginnings of the human brain seen?

A

during the embryonic stage when nerve cells begin to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when is the first sign of major divisions in the brain?

A

the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are apparent at only 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when does the spinal cord start to develop enough where the fetus limbs can move?

A

around 7 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when do structures recognized in the adult brain start to develop?

A

around 11 weeks, the cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres and brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when does the brain form its initial folds an ridges?

A

around the end of the second trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many neurons do newborns have at birth?

A

around 100 billion and the brain is 25% size and weight of adult brain

24
Q

how fast do babies develop neurons per second in the womb?

A

around 4000 new neurons per second

25
Q

what are teratogens?

A

substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of development

26
Q

how can teratogens impact fetuses?

A

it can disrupt their development

27
Q

how much more food / energy do women need when carrying a baby?

A

about 20% more

28
Q

what is most infamous teratogens?

A

thalidomide

29
Q

what is thalidomide?

A

a sedative that was hailed as a wonder drug for morning sickness during pregnancy but can cause miscarriages, baldness and deafness as well as physical impairments

30
Q

what are the 2 most common tetraogens?

A

alcohol
tobacco

31
Q

what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A

abnormaties in mental functioning, growth and physical development in the offspirng of women who use alcohol during pregnancy

32
Q

what are some disabilities that fatal alcohol disorders cause?

A

learning disabilities related to math and reasoning
impulsivity
depression

33
Q

how often does fetal alcohol spectrum disorder occur?

A

1.5 in every 1000 births world wide, but vary greatly in different regions

34
Q

how many pregnancies in Canada involve ingesting alcohol?

A

1 in 10 and more than 60% in Northern communities

35
Q

how can smoking impact pregnancy?

A

babies are twice as likely to have low birth weight and a 30% chance of premature birth and increase risk of illness or death

36
Q

how can maternal stress impact fetus development?

A

it can interfere with normal development

37
Q

what are preterm infants?

A

babies that are born earlier than 36 weeks

38
Q

can babies remember hearing sounds from inside the womb?

A

yes

39
Q

can babies see well at birth?

A

no the visual system is not fully developed

40
Q

how much vision do babies have at birth?

A

they only have about 1/40th of the visual capacity of adults and can only see about 30cm or less

41
Q

how long does it take for babies to develop 20/20 vision?

A

minimum 6 months

42
Q

how long until babies can perceive shapes and objects as well as adults?

A

a full eight months

43
Q

how developed are the taste and smell system at birth?

A

they are relatively well developed similar to adults, newborns cringe at a bad smell and like sweet tastes

44
Q

when do babies develop detectable motor system?

A

5 months after conception

45
Q

when are reflexes developed?

A

in the last months of gestation

46
Q

what are reflexes?

A

involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

47
Q

what are the 4 reflexes babies develop?

A

the rooting reflex
the moro reflex
the grasping reflex
the stepping reflex

48
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

the rooting reflex is elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orient themselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions

49
Q

what is the moro reflex?

A

The Moro reflex, also known as the “startle” reflex, occurs when infants lose support of their head.
Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion

50
Q

what is the grasping reflex?

A

The grasping reflex is elicited by stimulating the infant’s palm. The infant’s grasp is remarkably strong
and facilitates safely holding onto their caregiver

51
Q

what is the stepping reflex?

A

The stepping reflex, also known as the walking or dancing reflex, occurs when infants sense the onset
of pressure on the sole of a foot. this reflex is the basis of learning to walk

52
Q

over the first 12 -18 months after birth, what are the stages the infants motor abilities process through?

A

from crawling, to standing, to walking

53
Q

what are the 3 processes that help infants develop their brains?

A

the myelination of axons
synaptogenesis
synaptic pruning

54
Q

what is synaptogenisis?

A

the forming of new synaptic connections

55
Q

what is synaptic pruning?

A

the loss of weak nerve cell connections

intro psych (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions