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intro psych > chapter 15.1 > Flashcards

chapter 15.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is abnormal psychology?

A

the psychological study of mental illness

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2
Q

how do psychologists determine whether a persons behaviour is abnormal or that person has a mental disorder?

A

the key criterion used by psychologists in deciding whether a person has a disorder is whether the persons thoughts, feelings or behaviours are maladaptive

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3
Q

what is maladaptive?

A

meaning they cause distress to oneself or other, impair day-to-day functioning or increase the risk of injury or harm to oneself or others

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4
Q

do all forms of adaptive behaviour respond to the same to different types of treatment?

A

no

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5
Q

when would a person with a mental disorder be put in an asylum?

A

only on extreme cases

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6
Q

what are asylums?

A

residential facilities for the mentally ill

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7
Q

who is William battle?

A

he was the director of St. Lukes hospital in 1751 ad began to write about the potential therapeutic benefits of being treated by asylum physicians and staff

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8
Q

what led to the birth of modern psychiatry?

A

William battie’s work and Philippe pinel’s work

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9
Q

at the beginning of the 1800s, what were most mental illnesses classified as?

A

mania or melancholia

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10
Q

what is mania?

A

had symptoms such as hallucinations and excessive energy

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11
Q

what is melancholia?

A

has symptoms such as depression and anxiety

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12
Q

was melancholia curable?

A

often yes

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13
Q

was mania curable?

A

typically not, it had a poorer prognosis

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14
Q

what was the medical model?

A

the way that psychologists saw psychological conditions through the same lens as western medicine tends to see physical conditions

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15
Q

when did the medical model cause?

A

it caused psychological disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders or autism to be approached in the same manner as conventional medicine would approach diabetes or cancer

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16
Q

who was Emil kraepelin?

A

a German psychiaristrist who while working in an asylum, he created data cards to track how the patients mental illness progressed over time and would diagnose them differently throughout time to see how the asylum would treat them differently

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17
Q

what is psychosis?

A

when an individual has difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined

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18
Q

what are some symptoms of emotional psychosis?

A

large mood swings associated with what he called manic depressive disorder (what we call bipolar now)

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19
Q

what was published so all researchers and psychiatristis were using the same terminology?

A

the American psychiatric association published the “statistical manual for the use of institutions for the insane”

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20
Q

what is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)?

A

a standardized manual to aid in the diagnosis of disorders

21
Q

how many symptoms did the DSM 1 describe?

A

106 mental disorders

22
Q

what was the issue with the DSM 1?

A

there were lots of cultural biases in it

23
Q

what is an example of cultural biases in the DSM 1?

A

homosexuality was listed as a psychological disorder and remained until one until 1980

24
Q

when was the current version of the DSM (DSM-5-TR) released?

A

march 2022

25
Q

how many mental illness categories are there in the DSM-5?

A

19, with several subtypes in each category

26
Q

in the DSM-5, what is paid more attention?

A

how the severity of disorders can exist along a dimension from relatively mild to debilitating

27
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder?

A

a developmental disorder associated with poor social skills and that may be accompanied by intellectual impairments

28
Q

if the DSM-5 the final version?

A

no it is not, it is not intended to be the final version either it is made so that revisions can be made as new discoveries are made

29
Q

what is the biggest problem in the mental health field?

A

how to reliably identify who has a mental disorder in the first place

30
Q

what are 4 behaviours that fulfil the criteria to be a mental illness, but do not necessarily indicate one?

A

heavy drug users and people with psychopathic tendencies may not think they have a problem and therefore not distressed by their behaviours

family members may be concerned about a persons involvement in a new relationship or may disapprove of body modifications such as tattoos and piercings

mourning the loss of a loved one or having a religious conversation may interfere with a persons day to day activities

activists may get arrested for protesting government actions and extreme sports enthusiasts may risk death or injury out of passion for their sport

31
Q

what does the DSM aim to help the clinician with?

A

it aims to help make the diagnosing processes a little more objective and not impacted or up to the clinicians opinion

32
Q

what are the 3 problems with the DSM-5?

A

the clinician still has to subjectively decide whether a client displays each symptom and whether it is severe enough to be considered a symptom or just a normal experience

different disorders often share many common symptoms

there is a fine line between whether a person is considered to have a disorder or not

33
Q

how is “different disorders often sharing many common symptoms” a problem with the DSM 5?

A

different health professionals might make different diagnosis’s for the same symptoms

34
Q

how is “the find line between a person to be considered to have a disorder or not” a problem with the DSM-5?

A

the diagnosis a person receives and even whether a person receives a diagnosis at all can depend on now symptom, this reduces the reliability of the diagnosis

35
Q

what are the positives of diagnosing a person?

A

it is hoped that receiving that diagnosis should make it more likely to seek and receive effective treatment

a diagnosis should also facilitate communication among mental health professionals

36
Q

what are the 3 negatives of diagnosing a person?

A

once a person has been labelled as having a disorder, the label itself may change how that person is viewed by others and how their behaviour is interpreted

if someone sees their self as “mentally ill” it can lead to low self-esteem or feelings of helplessness, or indulge in even more extreme or destructive behaviours

due to sigma people may expect that other people will reject and devalue them

people may also become demoralizing about their capabilities and themselves in general, which then interferes with tier motivations and goal related striving

37
Q

what are culture-bonded syndromes?

A

expressions of distress that are recognized across a given culture but that tend not to appear outside of that culture

38
Q

what is an example of culture-bonded syndrome?

A

ataque de nervios, this disorder, which can occur in latin American cultures, involves trembling, uncontrollable shouting or crying, fainting episodes and in come cases aggressive behaviour

39
Q

what is an area that presents diagnostic challenges?

A

the classroom

40
Q

why does the classroom present a diagnostic challenge?

A

because the frontal lobes of the brain, which serve to inhibit many behaviours, don’t fully develop until the early 20s, it is easy to see why children sometimes “act out”

41
Q

what is attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A

a developmental disorder in which children show inappropriate levels of hyper activity and impulsivity while also having problems maintaining their attention on people or activities

42
Q

what are the 3 symptoms of a child with ADHD?

A

frigidity in class
talk quickly and excessively
fail to listen to teachers or peers when spoken to

43
Q

why do people feel the need to diagnosis kids with ADHD?

A

because these children can cause disruptions that not only reduce their own learning but can alter the learning environment for other students aswell

44
Q

according to the DSM-5 how many symptoms does a person have to have to receive a diagnosis of ADHD?

A

a minimum of 6 symptoms of inattention or 6 symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity

45
Q

what is the goal when diagnosis students with ADHD?

A

identify the children who have enough symptoms that they have become problematic for the individual while also avoiding diagnosing people who only display a few disruptive behaviours

46
Q

what is the M’Naghten rule?

A

the idea of pleading not guilty by reason of insanity

47
Q

what is mental disorder defence?

A

claims that the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that they could not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong

48
Q

is the mental disorder defence used often?

A

no it is rarely used, it is used in less than 1% of canadian court cases and its success rate Is less than 25%

intro psych (42 decks)

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