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intro psych > chapter 5.2 > Flashcards

chapter 5.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility and not a trance

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2
Q

what are the 3 kinds of hypnotic suggestions?

A

ideomotor suggestions
challenge suggestions
cognitive-perceptual suggestions

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3
Q

what are ideomotor suggestions?

A

actions that could be performed such as adopting a certain position during hypnosis

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4
Q

what are challenge suggestions?

A

actions that are not to be performed so that the subject appears to lose the ability to perform an action during hypnosis

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5
Q

what are cognitive-perceptual suggestions?

A

involve a subject remembering or forgetting specific information or experiencing altered perceptions such as reduced pain sensation

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6
Q

what are hypnotic suggestions?

A

when the hypnotist simply suggests changes and the subject is more likely but not certain to comply as a result of the suggestion

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7
Q

what is hypnosis is based on?

A

an interaction between unconscious thoughts and behaviours and a supervisory system

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8
Q

what does the word hypnosis come from?

A

the greek word sleep, but in reality hypnosis is nothing like sleep

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9
Q

what are the two theories to explain hypnosis?

A

dissociation theory
social cognitive theory

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10
Q

what is the dissociation theory?

A

explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into 2 parts: a lower level system involved with perception and movement and an executive system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours

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11
Q

why does the dissociation theory make sense?

A

because during hypnosis there is a separation between the lower level systems and the executive systems and as a result actions or thoughts suggested by the hypnotist may bypass the evaluation and monitoring systems and go right to the persons movement system

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12
Q

what is the social-cognitive theory?

A

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

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13
Q

what supports the social cognitive theory?

A

when individuals are not yet hypnotized are told they can either resit suggestions or they will not be able to, after they are hypnotized they conform to what they were told before they were hypnotized

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14
Q

what is used along side hypnosis to help treat patients?

A

cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

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15
Q

what are the 5 things that cognitive hypnotherapy has been useful at treating?

A

depression
anxiety
eating disorders
hot flashed of cancer survivors
irritable bowel syndrome

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16
Q

when patients received hypnotherapy along with nicotine patches to stop smoking, how ,many stayed smoke free for a year?

A

1 out of 5 patients

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17
Q

what needs more research before it is standard to use for depression?

A

a combination of hypnotherapy and traditional cognitive behavioural therapy

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18
Q

what is the most practical use for hypnosis?

A

the treatment of pain

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19
Q

what does scientific evidence say about the use of hypnosis for treating pain?

A

suggest that 60% to 75% percent of individuals experienced pain relief from hypnosis

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20
Q

what happened to the other 40% to 25% of people who did not feel pain relief from hypnosis?

A

perhaps failure of the treatment in this group is attributable to the fact that some people are more readily hypnotized than others

21
Q

what brain region is involved in both hypnosis and the perception of pain?

A

the anterior cingulate gyrus

22
Q

what kind of pain does hypnosis work best for reliving?

A

acute pain

23
Q

what kind of pain does hypnosis not work as good on?

A

chronic pain that is more psychological in nature

24
Q

true or false, memories retrieved through hypnosis generally provide accurate information?

A

false, they can be easily altered by the hypnotists prompts

25
Q

true or false, many clinical psychologists still use hypnosis to help their clients retrieve memories?

A

false, psychologists today do not use hypnotherapy

26
Q

true or false, memories retrieved during hypnosis are no longer used as evidence in canadian courts?

A

true, hypnosis sessions alone can’t be used as evidence

27
Q

what is mind-wandering?

A

an unintentional redirection of attention from the current task to an unrelated train of thought

28
Q

what is an example of mind-wandering?

A

when you are in class and you start to think of clothes instead of corporate finance

29
Q

how often does mind wandering occur in every activity?

A

over 30%

30
Q

what are some ways to study mind wandering?

A

reading retention goes down when reading, they would miss more than minor details and would miss large elements of the plot

31
Q

what is the default mode network?

A

this is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli, this is more active when someone is mind wandering

32
Q

what is the frontoparietal network?

A

the regions of the brain involving the parts of the frontal and parietal lobes, and are also shown to be more active during mind wandering

33
Q

what is the lowest level of consciousness a person can be at and still be considered alive?

A

brain death

34
Q

what is brain death?

A

a condition where the brain, specifically including the brain stem, no longer functions

35
Q

is there hope for people who are brain death to recover?

A

no because the brain stem regions are responsible for basic life functions and maintaining heart beats

36
Q

what is a coma?

A

a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness

37
Q

what can cause a coma?

A

damage to the brain stem or widespread damage to both hemispheres of the Brain

38
Q

what are some symptoms of people in a coma?

A

patients have an absence of both wakefulness and awareness of themselves or surroundings, some patients brainstem reflexes will be suppressed including pupil dilation and constriction in response to changes in brightness

39
Q

if a person improves from a coma, what are they now?

A

persistent vegetative state

40
Q

what is a persistent vegetative state?

A

a state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patients eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness

41
Q

can patients in a persistent vegetative state track movement?

A

no, patients do not appear to focus on objects in their visual field nor do they track movements

42
Q

who is Terri schiavo?

A

a woman who suffered full cardiac arrest resulting in massive brain damage putting her in a persistent vegetative state, and her caused ethical and legal battles over if she was conscious or not and if it was right to keep her alive

43
Q

how high is the percentage of the misdiagnosis of disorders of consciousness?

A

estimated to be 43%

44
Q

what are the 5 kinds of disorders of conciseness?

A

brain death
coma
persistent vegetative state
minimally conscious state (MCS)
locked-in syndrome

45
Q

what is minimal conscious state?

A

a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis

46
Q

what are 4 behaviours that people in a minimal conscious state can do?

A

simple commands

making gestures of yes/no in response to questions

producing movements or emotional reactions in response to some person or object in their environment

behaviours beyond reflexes

47
Q

what is locked-in syndrome?

A

a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake but because of an inability to move their body, seems unconscious (awake but unable to move)

48
Q

what is locked-in syndrome caused by?

A

damage to the pons

49
Q

do patients of locked-in syndrome recover?

A

most patients remain paralyzed

intro psych (38 decks)

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