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intro psych > chapter 6.1 > Flashcards

chapter 6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is learning?

A

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience

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2
Q

what can learning involve?

A

changes in your behaviour in response to rewarding or punishing consequences

acquiring new factual and conceptual information

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3
Q

explain Ivans Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?

A

Food elicits the unconditioned response of
salivation. Before conditioning, the sound
of the metronome elicits no response by
the dog. During conditioning, the
metronome’s clicking repeatedly precedes
the food. After conditioning, the sound of
the metronome alone elicits salivation.

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4
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (sound) with a biological stimulant (food), which results in a change in the respond to the previously neutral stimulus (salvation)

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5
Q

what is another way to think about classical conditioning?

A

in mechanical terms, this event causes another

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6
Q

what is unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

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7
Q

what is an example of unconditioned stimulus?

A

food
water
pain
sex

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8
Q

what is unconditioned response (UR)?

A

a reflexive unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

what is an example of unconditioned response?

A

hunger when seeing food
drooling when seeing food
expressions of pain to getting hurt
sexual responses to sexual contact

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10
Q

what is conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditional response because it has history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

what is an example of conditioned stimulus?

A

the metronome in pavlovs experiment, since the metronome started ticking when the food was going to be delivered, they dogs associated that with the arrival of food

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12
Q

what is a conditioned response?

A

the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

what is an example of a conditioned response?

A

when the dogs started salivating when the metronome started to tick even in the absence of food, this was because they were conditioned to associate the metronome with food

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14
Q

what distinguishes unconditioned response from conditioned response?

A

salvation to is an unconditioned response to food the unconditioned stimulus, but when the salvation is to the metronome (conditioned stimulus) than it is a conditioned response because they would not have salivated at the ticking before, only after their association with ticking and food

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15
Q

why do animals have the tendency to freeze if they are scared?

A

because it has helped them over time and made them safer from their predators

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16
Q

can a unconditioned response and a conditioned response be different responses?

A

yes

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17
Q

what is an example of conditioned responses and unconditioned responses being different?

A

a deer freezing when in danger (unconditioned response)

a deer running away when in danger (conditioned response)

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18
Q

can any organisms be classically conditioned?

A

yes, there just needs to be the right connections of neurons stimulated

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19
Q

what is acquisition?

A

the initial phase of learning in which a response is established

20
Q

how is acquisition involved in classical conditioning?

A

acquisition is the phase in which neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

21
Q

what is an example of acquisition in classical conditioning?

A

the conditioned salivating response was acquired with numerous parings of food with the metronome

22
Q

what is the critical part in acquisition working?

A

the predictability that the conditioned stimulus (metronome) and unconditioned stimulus (food) would occur together

23
Q

what is extinction?

A

the reduction of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

24
Q

what is an example of extinction?

A

if the sound of the metronome clicking is presented repeatedly and no food follows, the salivation that did occur to the ticking would become less and less

25
Q

can conditioned behaviours that have become extinct come back with the reappearance of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?

A

yes

26
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

27
Q

what is stimulus generalization?

A

is a process in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for different, though similar stimuli

28
Q

what is an example of stimulus generalization?

A

the dogs salivating at a sound similar to the metronome

29
Q

what does stimulus generalization allow for?

A

flexibility in learners behaviours

30
Q

what is stimulus discrimination?

A

occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

31
Q

what is an example of stimulus discrimination?

A

the conditioned stimulus might be a 1200 HZ tone and is the ones paired with food, and the experimenter might produce 1100 HZ tones and 1300 HZ tones but not pair them with the food, this is lead to stimulus discrimination and they wont salivate to the other tones only the 1200HZ one

32
Q

what are conditioned emotional responses?

A

they consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

33
Q

what is an example of conditioned emotional responses?

A

there was a study done on an 11month old baby, little Albert, where they would show him a white rat and he wouldn’t be scared and he would reach for it, then they would make a loud noise when the rat appeared, then he started to elicit the same fear response to the rat without the noise and even to other furry animals

34
Q

what do conditioned emotional responses serve as an explanation for?

A

phobias

35
Q

what are phobias?

A

intense irrational fears of specific objects or situations

36
Q

what parts of the brain are responsible for conditioned emotional responses?

A

the fear-related activity occurs in the amygdala and if an organism starts to fear a place, the hippocampus will interact with fear-related activity in the amygdala to produce contextual conditioned fear

37
Q

what are conditioned taste aversions?

A

the acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness

38
Q

what is an example of conditioned taste aversions?

A

kirsten doesn’t like oysters (turned in to CS) because she got sick eating them in Mexico (UR)

39
Q

what is preparedness?

A

a biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

40
Q

what is an example of preparedness?

A

if you are eating 2 week old tuna, and listing to a certain song, you will develop an aversion to the taste of tuna not the song

41
Q

what are latent inhibition?

A

occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a unconditioned stimulus makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

42
Q

what is an example of latent inhibition?

A

if you have eaten a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch for years, and one day you become ill after eating it, you will most likely not develop a conditioned taste aversion

43
Q

how can classical conditioning impact drug users?

A

cues that accompany drug use can become conditioned stimuli to elicit cravings

44
Q

what is an example of “cues becoming conditioned stimuli to elicit cravings”?

A

a cigarette lighter, the smell of smoke to the presence of another smoker can elicit cravings for cigarettes in people who smoke

45
Q

how can classical conditioning influence drug tolerance?

A

if certain places or paraphernalia are associated with drugs they will sere as cues that a drug will soon be processed by the body, as a result the process of metabolizing these drugs will begin with the appearance of these cues of drug use before they drugs have entered your body

intro psych (42 decks)

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