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intro psych > chapter 13.2 > Flashcards

chapter 13.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 major types of processes in our cognition?

A

explicit processes
implicit processes

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2
Q

what are explicit processes?

A

processes that roughly correspond to our “conscious” thought, they are deliberative, effortful, relatively slow and generally under our intentional control

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3
Q

what are implicit processes?

A

processes that comprise our “unconscious” thought, they are intuitive, automatic, effortless, very fast and operate largely outside of our intentional control

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4
Q

what do explicit processes and implicit processes do?

A

they work together to regulate out bodies, continually update our perceptions, infuse emotional evaluations and layers of personal meaning to our experiences and affect how we think, make decisions and self-reflect

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5
Q

can explicit processes and implicit processes influence eachother?

A

yes

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6
Q

what is an example of explicit processes influence implicit processes?

A

my friend bob is a kind person (explicit process) so we don’t pay much attention we pay to bobs negative behaviour (implicit behaviour)

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7
Q

what is an example of implicit processes influencing explicit processes?

A

our automatic tendency to categorize a person into a stereotypes group influences the judgements we make about that person

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8
Q

what are dual process models?

A

models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes

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9
Q

what does person perception show?

A

the effects of implicit processes

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10
Q

what is person perception?

A

the processes by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people

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11
Q

when does person perception begin?

A

as soon as we encounter another person

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12
Q

what are schemas?

A

organized clusters of knowledge, beliefs and expectations about individuals and groups that influence our attention and perceptual processes in many ways

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13
Q

what are some examples of active schemas?

A

a persons visible characteristics such as gender, race, age and style of dress

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14
Q

are implicit processes practically instantaneous?

A

yes

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15
Q

what is an example of instantaneous implicit processes?

A

within the first minute of seeing your processor at the front of the room you have already evaluated them and made some basic judgments they would be likely very accurate to your evaluations after an entire semester

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16
Q

what do we make these instant judgements about a person on?

A

thin slices of behaviour

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17
Q

what are thin slices of behaviour?

A

very small samples of a persons behaviour

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18
Q

what way is many of our social judgments made?

A

instantaneously and based on very little information

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19
Q

what s an example of making judgments based on thin slices of behaviour?

A

people can guess a males sexual orientation at rates greater than chance after viewing his photograph for a mere 1/20th of a second

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20
Q

what can implicit judgments lead to?

A

self-fulfilling prophecies

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21
Q

what are self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

occurs when a first impression (or expectation) affects ones behaviour, and then that affects other people behaviour leading one to “confirm” the initial impression or expectation

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22
Q

what is an example of self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

if you expect someone you meet to be warm and friendly, you will probably be more at ease with them and will treat them in a warm and friendly manner yourself, thus behaviour towards them causes them to act warm and friendly in return, causing the self fulfilling prophecy

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23
Q

can first impressions be modified over time?

A

yes

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24
Q

what is the most commonly used schema used to guide our social judgment?

A

ourselves

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25
Q

what are the 2 consequences of using ourself and our experiences to make social judgment?

A

we tend to think they way we are is the way all people should be and that people who are substantially different from us have somthing wrong with them

we have a strong tendency to split the world in to US and THEM and are motivated to see US more positively then THEM

26
Q

how does our self-concept affect our social perceptions?

A

we tend to project our self-concepts onto the social world and the qualities we see in ourselves and the attitudes and options we hold, we assume are similar to society at large

27
Q

what is an example of our self-concept causing us to project our views on others?

A

if I see lots of rick ramones on tik Tok or online, im gonna say that they are “pLaYeD oUt”

28
Q

what is the false consensus effect?

A

the tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world

29
Q

what is naïve realism?

A

when we assume that our perceptions of reality are accurate and that we see things the way they are

30
Q

why do we have a tendency towards naïve realism?

A

because of a more general need to want to feel positively about ourselves and to have positive sense of self evaluation or self esteem

31
Q

what are self-serving biases?

A

biased ways of processing self relevant information to enhance our positive self-evaluation

32
Q

what is an example of self-serving biases?

A

we tend to take credit for our success but blame out failures on other people, circumstances or bad luck

33
Q

what is the better-than-average effect?

A

when we assume that we are better than average at skills or qualities that are important to us

34
Q

what is internal attribution?

A

when an observer explains the behaviour of an actor in terms of some innate quality of that person

35
Q

what is an example of internal attribution?

A

if some one cuts you off in traffic, and you yell “you idiot”, you the observer explains the actors behaviour (driver who cut you off) as an internal part of who the driver is an a human being (calling them an all-around idiot)

36
Q

what are external attributions?

A

where the observer explains the actors behaviour as the result of the situation

37
Q

what is an example of external attributions?

A

if somone cuts you off in traffic, instead of cussing them out you assume it was because maybe another car almost hit him or he was avoiding debris

38
Q

to external attributions come to mind right away?

A

no they come after we have thought about the situation for a bit

39
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

the tendency to over emphasize internal (personal) attributions and under emphasize external (situational) factors when explaining other people behaviours

40
Q

when explaining other peoples actions, what do we tend to do?

A

we tend to blame it on them as a person and their internal attributes

41
Q

what do we tend to do when explaining our own actions?

A

we tend to gravitate towards the explanation that paints us in the best light

42
Q

what are in-groups?

A

groups we feel positively toward and identifying with

43
Q

what are some examples of in-groups?

A

family
home team
coworkers

44
Q

what are outgroups?

A

those “other” groups that we down identify with and we actively dis-identify with outgroups

45
Q

hone can self-serving biases become destructive?

A

when we start to engage in in-group bias

46
Q

what is in-group bias?

A

when positive biases towards the self gets extended to include ones in-groups, people become motivated to see their in-groups as superior to their outgroups

47
Q

what is a stereotype?

A

a cognitive structure and set of beliefs about the characteristics that are held by members of a specific social group: the beliefs function as schemas, serving to guide how we process information about our social world

48
Q

what is prejudice based on?

A

sterotypical beliefs

49
Q

what is prejudice?

A

an affective, emotionally laden response to members of outgroups, including holding negative attitudes and making critical judgments of other groups

50
Q

what do stereotypes and prejudice lead to?

A

discrimination

51
Q

what is discrimination?

A

behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group

52
Q

what causes many of the “isms” (sexism, racism, classism) in society?

A

when stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination are taken all together

53
Q

can there be positive stereotypes?

A

yes

54
Q

what is an example of positive stereotypes?

A

masculine stereotypes include qualities such as determination and toughness

55
Q

can positive aspects of a stereotype carry hidden danger?

A

yes

56
Q

what is benevolent sexism?

A

stereotypes that have views for both genders that sound positive

57
Q

what is hostile sexism?

A

stereotypes that have explicitly negative views of one or both sexes

58
Q

what is an example of benevolent sexism?

A

the dated term “women are the fairer sex”. a person using this phrase may mean to say it as a compliment, implying that woman are nurturing and empathetic

59
Q

can people be reprogrammed to overcome implicit stereotyping and prejudice?

A

yes

60
Q

what is the contact hypothesis?

A

a hypothesis that predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice, especially if the content occurs in setting where the groups have equal status and power

61
Q

what conditions to negative stereotypes thrive in?

A

under conditions of ignorance

intro psych (42 decks)

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