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chapter 5.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between a drug and non-drug compound?

A

seems to be that drugs are taken because the user has an intended effect in mind

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2
Q

how do drugs influence our mind?

A

they influence the activity occurring in the synapse and can be agonists or antagonists

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3
Q

what are agonists?

A

drugs that enhance or mimics the activity of a neurotransmitter

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4
Q

what are antagonists?

A

drugs that block or inhibit the activity of a neurotransmitter

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5
Q

what are the 4 short-term effects of drugs?

A

altering the amount of the neurotransmitter being released into the synapse

prevents the reuptake of the neurotransmitters once it has been released, there fore allowing the drug to have a longer influence on the neuron’s

blocks the receptor that the neurotransmitter would normally bind to

binds to the receptor in place of the neurotransmitter

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6
Q

what is the result of the short term drug effects?

A

the postsynaptic neurons firing is changed resulting in changes to how we think, act and feel

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7
Q

how does ecstasy cause its effect?

A

they impact serotonin levels

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8
Q

how do painkillers cause its effects?

A

it affects opioid receptors

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9
Q

what brain chemical most influenced by mind altering drugs?

A

dopamine

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10
Q

what is dopamine?

A

a neurotransmitter involved with the rewarding and pleasurable feelings associated with many drugs

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11
Q

what are the 2 areas where dopamine is released in the brain?

A

the nucleus accumbens
ventral tegmental area

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12
Q

what 2 areas of the brain is associated with the “high” feeling of drugs?

A

the nucleus accumbens
ventral tegmental area

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13
Q

what are the important and dangerous function that these positive feelings serve from drug use?

A

they reinforce drug-taking behaviours

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14
Q

what can change the effect of drugs?

A

the social setting they are consumed in

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15
Q

what are some dangerous functions of taking drugs in new settings?

A

it can cause an overdose if the drugs are taken in a new or non drug taking setting, if the body is in a drug taking setting, the body can prepare for the drugs

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16
Q

what is tolerance?

A

when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

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17
Q

what is going on in the brain when your body is building a tolerance to drugs?

A

receptors move farther away from the synapse so they are more difficult to regulate, this process is called down-regulation

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18
Q

what can cause your body to build a tolerance to certain drugs?

A

long-term use of legal or illegal drugs

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19
Q

what is physical dependance?

A

the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

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20
Q

what are the 4 longterm effects of drug use?

A

tolerance
physical dependance
psychological dependance
abuse

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21
Q

do the symptoms of physical dependance and withdrawal differ from drug to drug?

A

yes

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22
Q

what are 3 withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?

A

headache
muscle aches
impaired concentration

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23
Q

what are 4 symptoms of longterm alcohol abuse withdrawal?

A

nausea
increased heart rate and blood pressure
hallucinations
delirium

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24
Q

what is psychological dependence?

A

occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependance

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25
Q

what is the reason why some would develop a psychological dependance to a drug?

A

if they are using it to ward off any negative emotions like stress, depression, shame or anxiety

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26
Q

what are the 5 drug abuse factors?

A

genetics
settings
social factors
social support
impulsivity of a persons personality

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27
Q

what kind of genes can make somone more addicted to drugs?

A

the A1 allele on the DRD2 gene, which influenced the activity of dopamine receptors and is related to reward processing and to being open to new experiences

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28
Q

what gene is found more in non smokers?

A

the CYP2A6 gene, it is related to feelings of nausea and sissiness occurring when the person is exposed to smoking

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29
Q

what is an example of settings being responsible for drug use?

A

falling in to the happiness of starting your day with a cup of coffee or drinking when you see particular friends

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30
Q

what is an example of social factors influencing drug use?

A

alcoholism is lower in religious and social groups that prohibit drinking even though these groups are similar to the rest of the population

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31
Q

what is an example of impulsivity impacting drug use?

A

people with impulsive personality traits are more likely to become addicted to drugs regardless of their early experiences or cultural settings

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32
Q

what are the 6 major categories of drugs?

A

stimulants
hallucinogens
opiats
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis

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33
Q

what are psychoactive drugs?

A

substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception and emotion

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34
Q

what are stimulants?

A

a category of drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

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35
Q

what are 4 examples of stimulants?

A

caffeine
cocaine
amphetamines
ecstasy

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36
Q

how does caffeine produce its effects of alertness on the brain?

A

by influencing the activity of a brain chemical called adenosine, the caffeine binds to the adenosine receptors making you feel not tired

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37
Q

how does cocaine cause its effects on the body?

A

it influences the nervous system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in reward centres of the brain, although It can influence serotonin and norepinephrine levels as well, it prevents dopamine from being reabsorbed by the neuron and increases the amount of dopamine in the synapse

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38
Q

what are 3 kinds of amphetamines?

A

Ritalin
provigil
meth

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39
Q

what are the reasons amphetamines are prescribed?

A

to treat people with ADHD and narcolepsy

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40
Q

what are some physical problems meth can lead to?

A

deterioration in their facial features, teeth, gums

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41
Q

why can meth lead to such intense deterioration of facial features?

A

addiction can lead to a neglect of hygienic and dietary care as well as the fact that meth is made from acids can will break down your appearance

42
Q

how can longterm meth use impact the users brain?

A

it can lead to structural abnormalities of cells in the frontal lobes and reduce the brains ability to inhibit irrelevant thought

43
Q

how can a meth users brain level be tested?

A

by using the stroop test, which challenges a persons ability to inhibit reading a word in favour of identifying it colour

44
Q

what is ecstasy?

A

a drug that is typically classified as a stimulant but also has hallucinogenic effects

45
Q

how does ecstasy influence the brain?

A

by stimulating the realize of massive amounts of the neurotransmitter serotonin, it also blocks its reuptake, forcing the serotonin receptors to fire at levels much greater than normal

46
Q

what are the long effects of ecstasy?

A

impairs the sensivity of many visual regions in the occipital lobe

require more brain activity when performing simple cognitive tasks

47
Q

are the neural effects as pronounced in occasional users of the drug?

A

no not as much

48
Q

what are some disorders that medicinal MDMA use can help with?

A

PTSD

severe anxiety involving intrusive memories of traumatic events

49
Q

what are hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics)?

A

are substances that produce perceptual distortions

50
Q

what are the 3 kinds of distortions psychedelics can produce?

A

visual
auditory
tactile in nature (crawling sensation against the skin)

51
Q

what is an example of psychedelics altering how people perceive their own thinking?

A

deep significance may be attached to what are normally mundane objects, events or thoughts

52
Q

what is LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)?

A

a laboratory made drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences

53
Q

what part of the brain is stimulated on LSD?

A

greater activity in visual areas, the visual stimuli also triggered activity in a number of areas outside the visual cortex. as well as reduced connectivity between the temporal lobe and parietal lobe (losing ones self)

54
Q

what are the effects of psilocybin mushrooms?

A

they have long lasting hallucinogenic effect for more than 12 hours and delicate powerful emotional experiences ranging from extreme euphoria to fear, panic and paranoia

55
Q

what are 2 short-acting hallucinogens?

A

ketamine
DMT

56
Q

how long to ketamine and DMT highs last for?

A

about an hour

57
Q

what are 5 effects of ketamine?

A

dream like states
memory loss
dizziness
confusion
distorted sense of body ownership

58
Q

how does ketamine effect the brain?

A

it blocks receptors for glutamate

59
Q

what are some naturally DMT can occur?

A

bark from trees native to central and South America and on the skin surface of certain toads

60
Q

what are 2 negative consequences on users of psychedelics?

A

memory problems
unwanted flash backs (acid flashbacks)

61
Q

what are some thing LSD can help people with?

A

anxiety associated with terminal illness

62
Q

what are some things ayahuasca, mushrooms and DMT can help people with?

A

reduce addiction to tobacco and alcohol

63
Q

what is salvia divinorum?

A

a herb that grown in central and south America, that when smoked or chewed induced highly intense but short hallucinations and dissociative experiences

64
Q

what people use salvia for rituals?

A

the mazateca people use it for cultural spiritual healing rituals

65
Q

what are opiates (narcotics)?

A

drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria

66
Q

how do opiates effect the brain?

A

they bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system, causing the reduction of pain and produce pleasurable sensations

67
Q

what are some naturally occurring opiates?

A

a species of poppy plants that are primarily grown in Asia and the middle east

68
Q

what kind of opiate is used in emergency rooms?

A

fentanyl

69
Q

how powerful is the street version of fentanyl?

A

20 times the strength of commonly sold doses of heroin

70
Q

why is it difficult to treat opiate addictions?

A

because they produce rapid and powerful highs and the time to smoke or inject these drugs are so quick its easy for people to mentally link the drug to the pleasurable feeling

71
Q

what is a treatment for helping people with opiate addictions?

A

methadone, used as a daily regimen to help addicts learn to cope without the drug

72
Q

what is methadone?

A

a synthetic opioid that binds to opiate receptors but does not give the same kind of high that heroin does

73
Q

what are sedative drugs (downers)?

A

drugs that depress activity of the central nervous ssytem

74
Q

what are barbiturates?

A

an early form of medication used to treat anxiety and promote sleep

75
Q

why was barbiturates discontinued?

A

due to how high doses of that drug can shot the the brainstem regions that regulate breathing

76
Q

who has a high abuse potential for barbiturates?

A

people who want to lower inhibitions, relax and try to improve their sleep ( these can make you sleep faster but reduces your rem sleep)

77
Q

what are benzodiazepines?

A

new forms of sedative drugs that increase the effects of GABA that helps reduce the feeling of anxiety or panic

78
Q

what are 3 examples of benzodiazepines?

A

xanax
Ativan
valium

79
Q

what is the major advantage to benzodiazepines instead of barbiturates?

A

they do not specifically target the brain regions specifically responsible for breathing

80
Q

who are most prescription drugs abused by?

A

illicit users, over 15% of canadian highschoolers have reported to abusing prescription drugs at some point in their lives

81
Q

how many Canadians have used prescription drugs for non-medicinal reasons?

A

3.2% or 1.1 million

82
Q

why do people opt to abuse prescription drugs?

A

because they are legal, pure and easier to get

83
Q

what are the most commonly prescribed drugs in canada?

A

painkillers such as oxycontin

84
Q

why do people crush up oxycontin when taking recreationally?

A

to get rid of its slow release components and getting a rapid high

85
Q

what has the canadian government replaced oxycontin with to stop abuse?

A

oxyneo a drug that is more difficult to grind up in to powder

86
Q

how has western civilization impacted alcohol?

A

it has led to the consumption to be limited and regulated and to get it through legal means

87
Q

what are the effects of alcohol on the brain?

A

it initially targets GABA receptors and subsequently affects opiate and dopamine receptors

the stimulated dopamine and opiate receptors causes the rewarding effects

the release of GABA reduced the central nervous system causing loss of balance and coordination

88
Q

what part of the brain does alcohol impact?

A

the frontal lobes that are responsible to inhibit behaviour and impulses

89
Q

what are 6 negative side effects of alcohol?

A

health problems
sexual and physical assault
automobile accidents
missing work or school
unplanned pregnancies
getting STDs

90
Q

what is alcohol myopia?

A

caused by excessive drinking, this is when drunk people pay more attention to their cues related to impulses and desires rather than cues inhibiting those desires

91
Q

do university students drink more than their non university peers?

A

yes

92
Q

what was done in studies across frats to slow the consumption of alcohol?

A

prizes were granted for people who could keep their blood alcohol level below 0.5, this proved to be successful

93
Q

what is cannabis?

A

a drug comprising of leaves and bids of the cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant and relaxing effects

94
Q

what is the active substance in weed?

A

THC

95
Q

what does THC do to the body?

A

it binds to cannabinoid receptors and induces feelings of euphoria, relaxation, reduced pain, heightened and sometimes distorted sensory experiences

96
Q

what are some worries of cannabis use in the teenage years?

A

they impair both the developmental processes of memory and executive functions, and impacts people who started using before the age of 17 much more than people who started using after

97
Q

when was weed legalized in canada?

A

October 17, 2018

98
Q

what are 3 reasons why some drugs are legal and some are not?

A

stronger vs weaker effects
addictiveness
knowledge

99
Q

how has decriminalization of drugs impacted Portugal?

A

it had little effect on drug use, the number of people using recreational drugs a year after the decriminalization only increased by 0.3%

100
Q

how did the legalization of weed in canada impact weed use in canada?

A

there was a light increase in use for most are groups but a decrease in cannabis use in high school student

intro psych (38 decks)

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