chapter 16.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychopharmacotherapy?

A

that use of drugs to manage or reduce patients

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2
Q

what is the most biomedical option?

A

psychopharmacotherapy

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3
Q

what is the biomedical approach to treating disorders?

A

involves using drugs, surgery or other medical procedures in order to alter the functioning of central nervous system to correct what is believed to be the underlying biological problem

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4
Q

what are psychotropic drugs?

A

medications designed to alter psychological functioning

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5
Q

when are psychotropic drugs used?

A

currently they have become a common form of treatment for many people experiencing even mild psychological problems and symptoms

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6
Q

how do psychotropic drugs take actions?

A

they first cross the blood-brain barrier and after crossing it it will affect one or more neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier?

A

a network of tightly packer cells that allow only specific types of substances to move from the blood stream to the brain in order to protect delicate brain cells against harmful infections and other substances

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8
Q

what are antidepressant drugs?

A

medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression

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9
Q

where do antidepressants target in the brain?

A

places in the brain that are rich in monamine neurotransmitters- serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of types antidepressants?

A

monoamine oxidase inhibiters (MAOIs)
tricyclic antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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11
Q

what are monamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

antidepressant that work by deactivating monoamine oxidase, and enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine at the synaptic clefts of nerve cells

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12
Q

what happens in the brain when monoamine oxidase inhibitors are deactivated?

A

fewer dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters are metabolized and leaves more of them available for synaptic transmission

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13
Q

what are tricyclic antidepressants?

A

drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

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14
Q

what are 4 side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

nausea
weight gain
sexual dysfunction
seizures

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15
Q

what is the most commonly used antidepressant drug?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

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16
Q

why are SSRIs the most commonly used antidepressant?

A

due to the terrible side effects of monoamine oxide inhibitors and tricyclic drugs

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17
Q

what are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

A

a class of antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin

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18
Q

do SSRIs work for everyone?

A

no

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19
Q

what are 2 side effects of SSRIs?

A

disputed sleep patterns
disrupted sexual drive

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20
Q

when did selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) become available?

A

in 1987

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21
Q

what are the 4 parts of the brain that SSRIs impact?

A

amygdala
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens

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22
Q

what are mood stabilizers?

A

drugs that are used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced with bipolar disorder

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23
Q

what is lithium?

A

one of the first mood stabilizers to be prescribed regularly in psychiatry and from the 1950s to the 1980s was the standard drug treatment for depression and bipolar disorder

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24
Q

why did they stop using lithium?

A

it can be very toxic to the kidneys and endocrine system

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25
Q

what do people with bipolar disorder take today?

A

anticonvulsant medications or anti psychotic medications

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26
Q

what are the 4 side effects of anticonvulsant medications or anti psychotic medications?

A

weight gain
nausea
fatigue
rare cases of brain damage

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27
Q

what are anxiety drugs?

A

affect the activity of gamma aminobutyric (GABA) an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity

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28
Q

what do anxiety drugs do?

A

they alleviate nervousness and tension and prevent and reduce panic attacks

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29
Q

what are 3 examples of anti anxiety drugs?

A

xanax
valium
Ativan

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30
Q

how long to the effects of anti anxiety drugs last for?

A

a few hours

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31
Q

how long does it take for anti anxiety drugs to kick in?

A

within minutes and only last for a few hours

32
Q

what are the 3 side effects of anti anxiety drugs?

A

drowsiness
tiredness
impaired attention

33
Q

what are 3 more serious side effects of anti anxiety drugs?

A

memory impairments
depression
decreased sex drive

34
Q

what is MDMA used to treat?

A

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

35
Q

what is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

a common psychological illness involving recurring thoughts, images and nightmares associated with a traumatic event

36
Q

what are antipsychotic drugs?

A

drugs that are generally used to treat symptoms of psychosis including delusions, hallucinations and severely disturbed disorganized thought

37
Q

what are anti psychotic drugs prescribed to treat?

A

schizophrenia
severe mood disorders

38
Q

what were first generation antipsychotic medications designed to do?

A

to block dopamine receptors because schizophrenia symptoms are related to dopamine activity in the frontal lobes an basal ganglia

39
Q

what were the 4 side effects of first generation antipsychotic medications?

A

seizures
anxiety
nausea
impotence

40
Q

what his a severe permanent side effect of first generation antipsychotic medications?

A

tardvine dyskinesia

41
Q

what is tar dive dyskinesia?

A

a moment disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics

42
Q

what are the newer anti psychotic medications called?

A

atypical antipsychotics

43
Q

what are atypical antipsychotics?

A

the second generation antipsychotic medications they are less likely to produce side effects including movement disorders that commonly occur with first-genration antipsychotics

44
Q

what do atypical anti psychosis medications do?

A

they work by affecting dopamine and serotonin transmission

45
Q

can all disorders be treated by medications?

A

no not at all

46
Q

what percentage of people who take antidepressants improve their depression within a few months?

A

50%-60%

47
Q

what percentage of people who are in psychological therapy improve their depression within a few months?

A

50%-60%

48
Q

what is the most effective treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

49
Q

why is cognitive behavioural therapy more effective for treating anxiety disorders?

A

the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy is that the effects last longer after completed, and antianxiety drugs are typically only effective as long as the patient remains on the drug regimen

50
Q

what is the best way to treat depression?

A

with a combination of antidepressants and therapy

51
Q

what is the most effective treatment for schizophrenia?

A

a mix if with therapy and medications

52
Q

what is the major limitation of drug therapies?

A

they neurotransmitters that are affected by psychotropic drugs are often found in a number of different brain areas, so although a given disorder might be primarily due to the dysfunction of a few brain areas and the drugs only affect specific areas

53
Q

what is a frontal lobotomy?

A

surgically severing the connections between different regions of the brain

54
Q

what is the origin of the frontal lobotomy?

A

in the 1800s neurologists experimented with this practice in hopes of “curing” psychological problems

55
Q

what did researchers discover in 1930s?

A

by damaging the prefrontal areas in aggressive chimps the animals would become calmer and more controllable

56
Q

who developed the leucotomy?

A

Antonio Moniz

57
Q

what is the lecuotomy?

A

the surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex

58
Q

how would Antonio Moniz perform a leucotomy?

A

he would drill small holes into the brain matter and insert a small wire loop ‘lecotome’ through the holes and into the brain matter, a few flicks of the wrist latter the surgery was done and the patient is left to recover

59
Q

who developed the icepick lobotomy?

A

Walter freeman

60
Q

what caused the lobotomy to dwindle in popularity in the 1950s?

A

the inconsistent and often very negative results of the procedure

61
Q

what is focal lesions?

A

small areas of the brain tissue that are surgically destroyed

62
Q

when are focal lesions used?

A

only in severe cases after al other treatments have failed

63
Q

what is a disorder that focal lesions have help treat?

A

it has helped treat obsessive compulsive disorder

64
Q

what is electro convulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

involves passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure

65
Q

when was electroconvulsive therapy introduced?

A

in the 1930s

66
Q

how has electroconvulsive therapy been viewed through its history?

A

negatively due to the early days it was very unsafe and easily abused

67
Q

what is the side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?

A

amnesia for events occurring around the time of the treatment

68
Q

what does electroconvulsive therapy work?

A

it alters how different brain areas work together as networks

69
Q

what is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?

A

a therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field across several treatment sessions

70
Q

what is the positive of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

it helps cure some depression symptoms
does not involve anesthesia
does not induce seizures
does not produce cognitive Impairments

71
Q

what are the side effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulati

A

there are no immediate side effects

72
Q

what is deep brain stimulation (DBS)?

A

a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain

73
Q

what is happening during dee[ brain stimulation?

A

the procedure involves inserting thin electrode-tipped wires into the brain and carefully routing them to the targeted brain regions

74
Q

what is the positive benefit of deep brain stimulation?

A

it produces instantaneous results and seems to work on severe cases of depression

75
Q

what is the risks of deep brain stimulation?

A

some internal bleeding and infection from the insertion of the wires

can cause some behavorial effects but are temporary (spontaneous laughing and errections)