chapter 11.4

Question 1

what is emotion?

Answer 1

a behaviour with the 3 following components
1) a subjective thought and or experience

2) accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal

3) an observable behavioural expression (Facal expression or changes in muscle tension)

Question 2

how do our emotional behaviours happen?

Answer 2

our neural responses to emotions are best thought of as a series of networks or loops, where each network involves a group of neural structures working together to produce different parts of your emotional response

Question 3

how quickly does the human brain show emotion-dependant responses after seeing or hearing a potential threat?

Answer 3

approximately 150 milliseconds

Question 4

what is the goal of this early activity in the brain after hearing or seeing a potential threat?

Answer 4

the purpose of this initial brain activity if to tag or highlight that stimulus so that it receives extra processing by brain structures at later stages of perception

Question 5

what is a critical brain area involved in the process of early activity after seeing or hearing a potential threat?

Answer 5

the amygdala

Question 6

how does the amygdala react when you see or hear a potential threat?

Answer 6

the amygdala revives sensory input from the cortex approximately 20 milliseconds after an emotional stimulus appears

Question 7

what does the autonomic nervous system specialize in?

Answer 7

the initial response after seeing emotional stimuli

Question 8

what are the 2 systems that make up the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 8

the sympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 9

helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response

Question 10

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 10

helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary

Question 11

what is an example of the autonomic nervous system working?

Answer 11

if you saw a big spider the sympathetic nervous system would mobilize the recourses so that you had enough energy either to do balls with this created or to run away from it, if you discovered it was a leaf and not a spider the parasympathetic nervous system would become active and attempt to return you to a normal level of emotional arousal

Question 12

what part of the brain is responsible for deciding if the responses are correct or not?

Answer 12

the frontal lobes

Question 13

how do the frontal lobes divide if the responses are correct to emotional stimuli?

Answer 13

they receive information directly from the amygdala and using the highly detailed information from the amygdala the frontal lobe must decide wither the instinctive emotional response is necessary and then will generate a behaviour based on that decision

Question 14

what is the James-lange theory of emotion?

Answer 14

this view suggests that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience

Question 15

according to the James-lange theory of emotion how would emotion be experienced?

Answer 15

1) based on your initial perception of a stimulus (your heart started to race)

2) your brain receives feedback about that response

3) the brain decides that based on the feedback it has received, you should feel fear

Question 16

what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

Answer 16

an alternative theory to the James-lange theory of emotion and stated that the brain interpretes a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body

Question 17

the canon-bard theory was the most widely accepted view of our emotional behaviours, but what changed that?

Answer 17

there was more empirical evidence to support for the James-lange theory due to the fact that some of the bodily feedback involved in emotional responses is caused by facial responses that have direct connections to the brain

Question 18

what is the facial feedback theory?

Answer 18

our emotional facial expressions can influence out subjective emotional states

Question 19

what is an example of the facial feedback theory?

Answer 19

if your lips are smiling, you will feel happier

Question 20

what is an explanation to the facial feedback theory?

Answer 20

because if you do it infront of people you will feel silly and laugh

Question 21

what if the two factor theory?

Answer 21

a theory that states that petters of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences

Question 22

what is an example of the two factor theory?

Answer 22

saying “I am sad” combining there physical “I am” with the cognitive “sad” makes the emotional experience of “sadness” feel stronger

Question 23

what is a polygraph?

Answer 23

a machine that detects if someone is lying through measuring heart rate and sweating when somone is asked the question

Question 24

is using a polygraph a reliable source of if somone is telling the truth or not?

Answer 24

no it is not, and evidence gathered this way is not usable in court

Question 25

what is the newest technique for lie detection?

Answer 25

using videotapes of the person answering the question and looking at the faced that are made when people lie and looking at their microexpressions

Question 26

what are micro expressions?

Answer 26

breif expressions of our true feelings before our mask is in place

Question 27

what do micro expressions really tell us?

Answer 27

the face is expressing someone’s inner state and it appears when someone is concealing how they really feel

Question 28

what is our primary method of communicating our emotional feelings?

Answer 28

our facial expressions

Question 29

why do we make certain facial expressions to certain things?

Answer 29

because evolutionary it helped us

Question 30

if you smell a gross smell, why do we make the face we do?

Answer 30

because when we crinkle our nose and make that face it limits the amount of airflow that can go into our nose and limits the smell

Question 31

do these facial expressions appear all over the world?

Answer 31

yes they are an innate part of human behaviour

Question 32

can people from all over the world understand similar facial expressions?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

how is body language tied in with emotion?

Answer 33

it is the second best way that we show our emotion

Question 34

what are emotional dialects?

Answer 34

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Question 35

what does each culture have?

Answer 35

their own emotional dialects

Question 36

what is an example of emotional dialects?

Answer 36

people from North America and Gabon Africa both expressed contempt, however North Americans are more likely to lower their brown and the gabonsese people are more likely to raise their upper lip

Question 37

what are display rules?

Answer 37

the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

Question 38

what is an example of display rules?

Answer 38

in an embarrassing situation, North Americans tend to blush and loom away but the Japanese tend to smile

Question 39

can display rules change overtime?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

does context play an important role when interpreting someone’s emotions?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

what is an example of people in different cultures focusing on different context to someones emotions?

Answer 41

in asian cultures people tend to pat attention to those around the person expressing emotions

Question 42

do different ways of looking at a situation translate differences on how people of various cultures interpret emotions?

Answer 42

yes, western people tend to focus on the facial expression of the person while people from asian countries tend to focus on the facility expression of the people around them