chapter 7.2

Question 1

what is an example of rehersal?

Answer 1

if someone gave you an address to a party and you didn’t have a pen and paper near by, so you said it over and over again until you got some paper and a pen

Question 2

what determines effectiveness of rehearsal to keep something on our memory?

Answer 2

it does not depend on how long you rehearse it, but how rehearse it

Question 3

what is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 3

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Question 4

does maintenance rehearsal help the formation of long-term memories?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 5

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

Question 6

does elaborative rehearsal impact the formation of long-term memories?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

what is an example of elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 7

repeating the word bottle and then imagining what a bottle looks like and how it is used

Question 8

what does matinance rehearsal help us with?

Answer 8

remember something for a very short time

Question 9

what is levels of processing?

Answer 9

when we focus on elaborate encoding, where additional sensory or semantic (meaning) information is associated with the to-be remembered item

Question 10

what are the 2 kinds of levels of processing?

Answer 10

shallow processing
deep processing

Question 11

what is shallow processing?

Answer 11

involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word

Question 12

what is deep processing?

Answer 12

generally related to encoding information about an items meaning or its function

Question 13

how much more likely are we to recall a deeply processed word than a shallow processed word?

Answer 13

we are 7 times more likely to recall a deeply processed word than one that was processed at a shallow level

Question 14

what is the-self reference effect?

Answer 14

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it related to you or how it is useful to you, this type of encoding will lead to you remembering information better than you other wise would have

Question 15

once information is encoded in either deep or shallow fashion, what do we have to do to that information when it is needed?

Answer 15

retrieve it

Question 16

what is recognition?

Answer 16

involves identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented do you

Question 17

what is an example of recognition?

Answer 17

Identifiying someone you know on the bus or answering multiple-choice questions on a test

Question 18

what is recall?

Answer 18

involves retrieving information when asked but without that information being present during the retrieval process

Question 19

what is an example of recall?

Answer 19

describing a friends appearance to someone else or answering short-answer or essay questions on a test

Question 20

what are retrieval cues?

Answer 20

hints that help prompt our memory, the more detailed the clue the easier for us to retrieve the memory

Question 21

what is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 21

the idea that retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 22

what is context dependant memory?

Answer 22

the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding

Question 23

what is state dependant memory?

Answer 23

the idea that retrevial is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

Question 24

what is mood dependant memory?

Answer 24

the idea that people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

Question 25

does emotion enhance memory?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what is weapon focus?

Answer 26

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including identity of the person holding the weapon

Question 27

how can emotion impact memory?

Answer 27

it causes you to hyper focus on now thing and not on the other thinks around it

Question 28

when is memory enhancing effect of emotion strongest?

Answer 28

it is strongest after long delays (one hour or more) rather than short delays

Question 29

what is emotions largest influence of memory?

Answer 29

consolidation

Question 30

can emotion influence memory consolidation when if the stimuli is not emotional?

Answer 30

yes, in one study participants studies a list of words and then were assigned to view dental surgery (the emotional condition) or to watch the way to brush your teeth (not emotional condition). this downs that the member who views surgery remembered more of the words

Question 31

what are the 2 parts of the brain that allow emotion to influence memory?

Answer 31

the hippocampus (encodes long-term memories)
the amygdala (processes emotion)

Question 32

what are flash bulb memories?

Answer 32

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Question 33

what is an example of a flash bulb memory?

Answer 33

remembering Kawhi lenard hit the shot to beat Philly and sent the raptors to the finals in 2019

Question 34

what is a defining feature of flashbulb memories?

Answer 34

people are highly confident that their recollections are accurate

Question 35

are flashbulb memories more accurate than other memories?

Answer 35

no they are not

Question 36

what is the forgetting curve?

Answer 36

a curve that shows most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where no one does not seem to forget at all

Question 37

what is an example of the forgetting curve?

Answer 37

when I walked out of the business 1 exam I forgot a lot of the stuff and over time I kept forgetting until I am just left with the stuff that stuck in my head

Question 38

what is a mnemonic?

Answer 38

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

Question 39

what are the 4 types of mnemonics?

Answer 39

method of loci
acronyms
first-letter technique
dual coding

Question 40

what is the method of loci?

Answer 40

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Question 41

what is an example of the method of loci?

Answer 41

if you remember to pick up noodles, milk, and soap from the store and the first thing you pass on your way to your friends house is a intersection with a stop sign, you might picture the intersection littered with noodles

Question 42

what is the mnemonic “acronyms”?

Answer 42

pronounceable words who’s letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

Question 43

what is an example of the mnemonic “acronyms”?

Answer 43

using the term “scuba” to talk about the invention of the self-contained under breathing apparatus

Question 44

what is the mnemonic “first letter technique”?

Answer 44

using the first letter of a set of items to spell out a word that forms a sentence

Question 45

what is an example of the “first letter technique”?

Answer 45

using “never eat soggy weiners” to remember north east south west

Question 46

what is the mnemonic “dual coding”?

Answer 46

occurs when information is stored in more than one form

Question 47

what is an example of dual coding?

Answer 47

having the first letters of the alphabet visual like “A-B-C-D” but also having it as a song

Question 48

why does dual coding help with out memory?

Answer 48

because it is storing the information twice in our head

Question 49

what are desirable difficulties?

Answer 49

techniques that make studying slow and more effortful but results in better overall remembering

Question 50

what is the testing effect?

Answer 50

the finding that taking practice test can improve exam performance even without additional studying