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intro psych > chapter 11.1 > Flashcards

chapter 11.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is motivation?

A

the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms towards specific goals

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2
Q

what are some examples of motivation?

A

drinking when thirsty
seeking out people when you are lonely
reading my textbooks

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3
Q

what do all motivations share?

A

that it is a behaviour initiated in order to complete some sort of goal-directed behaviour

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4
Q

what is motivation at its most basic level?

A

it is essential to an individuals survival because it contributes to homeostasis

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5
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the boys physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

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6
Q

what is an example of drive?

A

when the boys water level falls below normal, cells release chemical compounds that maintain the structure and fluid levels of cells and sends a message to the brain to drink water

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7
Q

what is drive?

A

a biological tigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

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8
Q

what are incentives?

A

the stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

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9
Q

what is an example of incentives?

A

water when we are thirsty

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10
Q

what can incentives range from?

A

dance from food, water, sex, feeling like you belong or an even more abstract feeling of reaching your potential as a human

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11
Q

can our behaviour always be explained by homeostasis?

A

no

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12
Q

what else can cause motivations?

A

internal or external sources of stress

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13
Q

does stress often lead us to use more resources than we normally would?

A

yes

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14
Q

why does stress challenge your homeostasis?

A

because it makes it difficult to predict how long you will be in that energy consuming state

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15
Q

what is allostasis?

A

motivation that is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress

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16
Q

what is an example of the relationship between homeostasis and allostasis?

A

janice is stressed for her exams, experiencing anxiety causes her to use more energy. if Janice didn’t increase her food consumption to meet to new energy needs her energy level would drop and her mental and physical well-being would suffer. so if Janice was not stressed out then her homeostasis would drive her to have less calories but allostasis drives her to have more

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17
Q

can physiological variables have a string influence hon behaviours such as eating and drinking?

A

yes

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18
Q

is hunger simply a homeostasis mechanism?

A

no, its not just so you have enough energy to move it also due to complex cognitive and emotional factors

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19
Q

where is the “on” and “off” switches for hunger?

A

the hypothalamus

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20
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

a brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

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21
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is responsible for telling us when to eat?

A

the lateral region of the hypothalamus

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22
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is responsible for telling us when to stop eating?

A

ventromedial and paraventricular regions of the hypothalamus

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23
Q

what is activity of the hypothalamus influenced by?

A

the hormones that are related in the gut in response to the energy needs of your body

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24
Q

what is an example of the activity of the hypothalamus being influenced by the gut?

A

the hypothalamus detects changes in the level of glucose

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25
Q

what is glucose?

A

a sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

26
Q

what detects glucose levels?

A

neurons called glucostats

27
Q

what is the “eat while you can” strategy?

A

developed due to evolution when food was scarce at some times and in abundance in others

28
Q

why can people be so driven to eat fatty foods?

A

we crave fats because we have specialized receptors on the tongue that are sensitive to the fat content in the food and they send messages to the brain that release endorphins and dopamine

29
Q

can high-energy food be a more powerful reinforcer than highly addictive drugs?

A

yes in some situations

30
Q

what role does dopamine play in food?

A

our cravings for food, as well as our feeling of satisfaction when we taste the food both lead to dopamine release, and there is dopamine released again after the food hits our stomach

31
Q

what os satiation?

A

the point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

32
Q

what is the feeling of satiation caused by?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

33
Q

how does cholecystokinin (CCK) work?

A

neurons release CCK when the intestines expand, the ventromedial hypothalamus receives this information and decreases appetite

34
Q

what is unit bias?

A

the tendency to assume that the unit of scale or proportioning is an appropriate amount to consume

35
Q

what is an example of unit bias?

A

eating a single bananas
eating a full candy bar
drinking a full 600ML bottle of pop

36
Q

what has changed over time regarding the unit size of food?

A

food sizes have become increasingly larger, and as a result we are now more likely to consume 3 times as much pop as our grandparents

37
Q

what are the kinds of social influences on eating?

A

social facilitation- eating more
impression management- eating less
modelling- eating whatever they eat

38
Q

what is an example of social facilitation?

A

when dinner hosts encourage guests to take second and third helpings and people who have large appetites get prodded to eat the. most

the longer a person sits at the table talking the more they end up eating

39
Q

what is impression management?

A

when people self-consciously control their behaviours so that others will see them in a certain way

40
Q

what is an example of impression management?

A

knowing that it is polite to chew with your mouth closed and doing it so you don’t seem rude

41
Q

what is an example of modelling?

A

when at first exposure to a situation like a business dinner, someone notices that everyone doesn’t eat much, then that person doesn’t eat much and models what the other do

42
Q

what is obesity?

A

a disorder of positive energy balance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

43
Q

what percent of females and males are overweight in cananda?

A

69% of males
56% of females

44
Q

what percentage of Canadians are likely to experience some form of eating disorder at any time?

A

3% mostly females

45
Q

what is the mortality rate of eating disorders?

A

10%-15% highest of all psychological conditions

46
Q

what are the 2 most common forms of eating disorders?

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa

47
Q

what is anorexia nervosa?

A

an eating disorder that involves self-starvation, intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with ones body and detail of the serious consequences of severely low weight

48
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A

an eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating and purging (vomiting)

49
Q

when is anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa most common?

A

mid to late adolescence

50
Q

what percentage of men and women have a life time prevalence of anorexia?

A

0.9% of women
0.3% of men

51
Q

what percentage of men and women have a life time prevalence of bulimia?

A

1.5% of women
0.5% of men

52
Q

what percentage of people with anorexia receive treatment?

A

34%

53
Q

what percentage of people with bulimia receive treatment?

A

43%

54
Q

what is the average duration of anorexia?

A

1.7 years

55
Q

what is the average duration of bulimia?

A

8 years

56
Q

why are people with bulimia more likely to enter treatment?

A

because they find the binge-purge cycle disturbing

57
Q

do people with anorexia feel indifferent to the negative effects of their eating habits?

A

yes

58
Q

what are 3 factors why eating disorders begin?

A

stress
social factors
families

59
Q

what are some social factors that can cause an eating disorder?

A

peer influence, they learn attitudes from their friends and from teasing and mean remarks about ones body not being thin enough

60
Q

how can families influence eating disorders?

A

they often complement girls with anorexia for being slim and for having self control and serves as a reinforcement for their behaviours

61
Q

how do stress, peer pressure and families lead to eating disorders?

A

people use eating disorders as a coping mechanism to deal with their difficult-to-control lives, they feel some security from focusing on their weight and eating

62
Q

what does the reproduction suppression hypothesis state?

A

that females who believe they have low levels of social support form romantic partners and family members are more likely to engage in dieting behaviours, this change in food can lead to an influence in ovulation and a loss of menstrual periods

intro psych (38 decks)

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