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intro psych > chapter 7.1 > Flashcards

chapter 7.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory?

A

a collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

what is the Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory?

A

the ideas memory is a multistage process. Information flows through a brief sensory
memory store into short-term memory, where rehearsal encodes it into long-term
memory for permanent storage. Memories are retrieved from long-term memory
and brought into short-term storage for further processing.

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3
Q

what are the 3 memory stores in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

A

sensory memory
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LTM)

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4
Q

what are stores?

A

they retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

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5
Q

what are control processes?

A

they shift information from one memory store to another

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6
Q

what is attention?

A

the process of selecting which information will be passed on to short-term memory

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7
Q

when do we lose information in our memory?

A

we lose some information every time information passes from sensory memory to short-term memory to long-term memory

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8
Q

how does the attention process work?

A

the attention process selects some elements of our environment that will receive further processing and add to out experience and understanding of the world

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9
Q

what is encoding?

A

the process of storing information in the long-term memory system

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10
Q

what is retrieval?

A

retrieval brings information from long-term memory back into short-term memory

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11
Q

what is an example of retrieval?

A

remembering the movie you saw last week

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12
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

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13
Q

how long does the sensory memory accurately hold on to perceptual information?

A

depends on the sensory system

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14
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

the visual form of sensory memory

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15
Q

how long is iconic memory held for?

A

1 half to 1 second

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16
Q

what is echoic memory?

A

the auditory form of sensation memory

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17
Q

how long is echoic memory held for?

A

5-10 seconds

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18
Q

what is short-term memory?

A

a memory store with limited capacity and duration

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19
Q

how long is short-term memory stored for?

A

approximately 30 seconds

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20
Q

what does it mean “the magical number 7, plus or minus two”?

A

a study found that participants were able to remember 7 units of information, give or take a couple

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21
Q

how are short-term memory and “the magical number 7, plus or minus 2” related?

A

because with both the participants and short-term memory can rehearse only 7 units of information at once before forgetting something

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22
Q

what is chunking?

A

organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

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23
Q

why do we use chunking?

A

to help expand our memory capacity

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24
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

a store that holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently

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25
Q

does long-term memory have capacity limitations?

A

no not that we are aware of

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26
Q

does short-term memory have capacity limitations?

A

yes 7 units

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27
Q

what are the 2 ways we organize our long-term memory?

A

based on semantic categories that the items belong to

based on the sounds of the word and how the word looks

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28
Q

what is an example of organizing long-term memory based on semantic categories that the items belong to?

A

the mental representation would be connected to and stored near the mental representations of other animals such as dog and mouse

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29
Q

what does “organizing long-term memory based on the sounds of the word and how the word looks” help us explain?

A

the tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon

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30
Q

what is the tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon?

A

when you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can retrieve the word you actually want

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31
Q

what is the serial position effect?

A

the idea that, in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but one item or two from the middle

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32
Q

what are the two mechanisms at work during the serial position effect?

A

proactive interference
retroactive interference

33
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

a process in which the first information learned (in a list of words) occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

34
Q

what is retroactive interferance?

A

the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not made it yet into long-term memory

35
Q

what is an example of proactive interference and retroactive interference?

A

when reading a grocery list, you remember the first couple things and the last couple things because, the first couple things are proactive interference and the last couple things are retroactive interference

36
Q

what is the phonological loop?

A

a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or as an auditory code

37
Q

what is the word-length effect?

A

when people remember more one-syllable words instead of four or five syllable words in a short-term memory task

38
Q

what has research shown about working memory?

A

that it can only retain as many syllables as can be rehearsed in 2 seconds, and that information is only retained for 15-30 seconds

39
Q

what is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

40
Q

how does the visuospatial sketchpad work?

A

the keeps you up to date on where objects are around you and where you intend to go

41
Q

what is feature binding?

A

the process of combining visuals features in a single unit by the visuospatial sketchpad

42
Q

what is an example of future binding?

A

instead of remembering wood as a cube, the colour brown and the wood texture as 3 separate items, it all combines it in to one wood cube

43
Q

what is an episodic buffer?

A

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

44
Q

what is an example of an episodic buffer?

A

organizing lights and sounds in to “I was driving to a friends house when I heard the radio DJ give a number to call”

45
Q

what is the newest working memory system?

A

the episodic buffer

46
Q

how much information can the episodic buffer hold?

A

7 to 10 pieces of information, which may be combined with other memory stores

47
Q

what is the central executive?

A

the control centre of working memory

48
Q

what does the central executive do?

A

it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components ( sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory)

49
Q

how does the central executive exchange information between all three stores?

A

it examines what information is relevant to the persons goals, interest and prior knowledge and then focuses attention on the working memory component whose information will be most useful in that situation

50
Q

what region of the brain is responsible for carrying out the tasks of the central executive?

A

the frontal lobe

51
Q

what is an example of the central executive?

A

when you see a series of letters from a familiar alphabet, its easy to remember the letter by rehearsing them in a phonological loop or in a jingle

52
Q

what are the 2 categories of longterm memories?

A

declarative memories

nondeclaraitive memories

53
Q

what is one way to categorize long-term memory?

A

based on whether or not we are conscious or not of a given memory

54
Q

what is declarative memories (explicit memories)?

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized including facts about the world and our own personal experiences

55
Q

what are nondeclarartive memories (implicit memories)?

A

actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness (memories we can not declare)

56
Q

what are the 2 kinds of declarative memories?

A

episodic memories
semantic memories

57
Q

what are episodic memories?

A

declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around episodes and are recalled from a first person (I or My) perspective

58
Q

what is an example of an episodic memory?

A

the events of your first day of university

59
Q

what are semantic memories?

A

declarative memories that include facts about the world

60
Q

what is an example of a semantic memory?

A

knowing that Fredricton is the capital of newbrunswick

61
Q

can semantic and episodic memories be active at the same time?

A

yes

62
Q

what is an example of both episodic and semantic memories being active at the same time?

A

when thinking about the time you rode a bike, your knowledge of the bike is semantic and your memory of riding the bike and how you did is episodic

63
Q

what are the 2 kinds of non declarative memories?

A

procedural memory
classical conditioning

64
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

learned patterns of muscle moments or motor memory

65
Q

what is an example of procedural memory?

A

learning how to walk, play piano, tie your shoes or drive a car. we don’t think of the individual steps involved or even pay attention to the task

66
Q

how can memory at the cellular level be summed up?

A

cells that fire together, wire together

67
Q

what is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

a process demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

68
Q

how did the discovery of long-term potentiation occur?

A

when researchers electrically stimulated 2 neurons in a rabbits hippocampus- a key structure of the brain located in the areas called the medial temporal lobes

69
Q

what is consolidation?

A

the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

70
Q

what is cellular consolidation?

A

a process when neurons regularly fire together, they will adapt and make changes caused by long-term potentiation more permanent

71
Q

why is the consolidation process important?

A

because without the consolidation process the initial changes to the synapse (long-term potentiation) eventually fade away and presumably so does the memory

72
Q

what is amnesia?

A

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

73
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

the inability to form new memories for events occurring after the brain injury

74
Q

what is memory storage?

A

refers to the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

75
Q

is memory storage an active process?

A

yes, stored memories can be updated regularly

76
Q

what is reconsolidation?

A

when the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories

77
Q

what is an example of reconsolidation?

A

when you are reminded of information you learned as a child or when someone reminds you of an event from years ago

78
Q

what is cross-cortical storage?

A

when long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain, rather than being localized in one region

79
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

a condition in which memory for the events before trauma or injury is lost

intro psych (38 decks)

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