chapter 8.3

Question 1

what is aphasia?

Answer 1

a language disorder caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language

Question 2

what is the brocas area?

Answer 2

the region of the left frontal lobe that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

Question 3

what can happen if you damage the brocas area?

Answer 3

you can develop brocas aphasia

Question 4

what is the wernickes area?

Answer 4

the area of the brain most associated with finding the meaning of words

Question 5

what can develop due to damage to the wernickes area?

Answer 5

can develop wernickes aphasia

Question 6

what is wernickes aphasia?

Answer 6

a language disorder where people have difficulty understanding the words they hear

Question 7

what is brocas aphasia?

Answer 7

a language disorder where people have difficulty producing certain words

Question 8

what is the diffrence between wernickes aphasia and brocas aphasia?

Answer 8

with wernickes aphasia they will have difficulty understanding words and a little difficulty speaking but they can still speak in sentences, they just seem off and are missing words

but brocas apahaisa they cannot form a coherent sentence

Question 9

what is language?

Answer 9

a form of communication that involves the use of spoken, written or gestural symbols that are combines in a rule-based form

Question 10

what are the 3 features that makes language a unique form of communication?

Answer 10

language can involve communication about objects and events that are not in the present time and place

languages can produce entirely new meanings and its possible to say a sentence that has never been said before

languages are passed down from parents to children and evolve over generations

Question 11

what are the 3 “ingredients” of language?

Answer 11

phonemes
morphemes
semantics

Question 12

what are phonemes?

Answer 12

the most basic units of speech sounds

Question 13

what is an example of phonemes?

Answer 13

the phoneme associated with the letter T is found at the end of the word pot or near the beginning of the word stop, you pronounce the t the same both ways

Question 14

what are morphemes?

Answer 14

the smallest meaningful units of a language

Question 15

what is an example of morphemes?

Answer 15

the word pig is a morpheme, it canot be broken down into smaller units of meaning

Question 16

can you combine morphemes?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what is an example of combining morphemes?

Answer 17

take the morpheme pig, you can add the morpheme /s/ or /ish/ to make pigs or pigish

Question 18

what are semantics?

Answer 18

the study of how people come to understand meaning from words

Question 19

what is the syntax?

Answer 19

the rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences

Question 20

can speakers of English tell you the rules of the English syntax?

Answer 20

typically not, it just comes naturally

Question 21

what are the most basic units of the syntax?

Answer 21

nouns and verbs

Question 22

what are pragmatics?

Answer 22

the study of nonlingustic elements of language use

Question 23

what does pragmatics place heavy emphasis on?

Answer 23

the speakers behaviour and social situation

Question 24

what does pragmatics remind us?

Answer 24

that sometime what is said is not as important as how it is said

Question 25

what is an example of pragmatics?

Answer 25

if your friend said they “ate a burger so big it was 50 lbs” most likely they are not telling the truth, but you wouldn’t call them a liar because of the context they said it in and were probably joking

Question 26

why is it that infants can hear differences in the language that adults cannot?

Answer 26

because when they grow up in it and learn more they start to understand the language better and not hear things that are not useful

Question 27

what is fast mapping?

Answer 27

the ability to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure

Question 28

are younger brains well-suited to acquiring languages?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

why are younger brains well-suited to acquiring languages?

Answer 29

due to the fact that there is a sensitive period for languages

Question 30

what are sensitive periods?

Answer 30

a time during childhood in which children brains are primed to develop language skills and absorb language effortlessly

Question 31

when do children start to stop absorbing language effortlessly?

Answer 31

age 7

Question 32

what are the 4 negatives of being bilingual?

Answer 32

children tend to have a smaller vocabulary

adults have difficulty finding words

bilingual adults are slower at naming pictures

more difficulty on tests naming words starting with certain letters

Question 33

what are the 4 benefits of being bilingual?

Answer 33

much better on tests that require them to control their attention or their thoughts

better on tests of executive control

have health benefits and more backup systems in the brain if damage occurs

helps protect against onset of dementia and Alzheimers disease

Question 34

does being bilingual help protect against onset of dementia and Alzheimer disease

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

what does cross fostered mean?

Answer 35

that an animal was raised as a member of a family that was not the same species

Question 36

can animals learn sign-language?

Answer 36

yes, the monkey knew 200 signs and generalized words