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chapter 12.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a universal assumption of phsychodynamic theories?

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness and a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

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2
Q

when did freud do by emphasizing the unconscious?

A

he threw in to doubt many of our common feelings and beliefs

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3
Q

what is an example of freud doubting many common feelings and belifs?

A

we feel that we are in control of ourselves and our behaviour reflects conscious choices that we make, but from a psychodynamic perspective there are no mistakes and we have very little control over ourselves and remarkably little insight into the reasons for our own behaviours

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4
Q

in sigmund Freuds psychodynamic theory, why do we make the decisions and think the way we do?

A

they are all result from psychological dynamics that are burried un our unconscious and we have no direct access to them

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5
Q

who created the psychodynamic theory?

A

sigmund freud

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6
Q

what did sigmund freud ground his theory on?

A

a model of consciousness that distinguished between different levels of mental life, most Importantly the difference between the conscious and unconscious mind

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7
Q

what is the conscious mind?

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

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8
Q

what is the unconscious mind?

A

a much more vast and powerful but inaccessible part of our consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

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9
Q

what does the unconscious mind hold?

A

your full lifetime of memories and experiences, including those that you can no longer bring to your conscious awareness

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10
Q

what are examples of some things that are stored in the unconscious mind?

A

emotional patterns created in childhood
preferences and desires

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11
Q

what metaphor is used to describe the relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind?

A

the iceberg metaphor

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12
Q

why is the iceberg metaphor used to describe the relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind?

A

because you can only see a small fraction of the conscious mind but larger unconscious mind is hidden

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13
Q

according to freud, what did he view as the driver of our behaviours?

A

the vast and inaccessible unconscious mind

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14
Q

what are the 3 basic structure of personality that conflict with each other?

A

id
ego
superego

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15
Q

what us the id?

A

represents a basic collection of biological drives, including those directed towards sex and aggression

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16
Q

what did freud believe the id to be fuelled by?

A

an energy called libido

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17
Q

what is libido?

A

an energy that fuels biological needs, mostly sex but also others like hunter

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18
Q

how does the id operate?

A

it operated according to the pleasure principal, motivating people to seek out experience that bring pleasure, with little regard for the appropriateness or consequences of their realization

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19
Q

is the id present from birth?

A

yes

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20
Q

what is the superego?

A

comprises our values and moral standards, it tells us what we should do

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21
Q

what is the difference between the id and the superego?

A

the superego tells us what we should do

the id tells us what our animal body wants to do

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22
Q

how did freud believe to superego to be formed?

A

it formed overtime as we become socialized into our family and larger community and we are taught the values and norms of our society

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23
Q

what does the superego represent?

A

a process of internalization through which we adopt the values and standards of other and make them our own, and consequently, we feel good or bad about ourselves based on whether we think we are being “good” or “bad”

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24
Q

what is the ego?

A

the decisions maker that is frequently under tension trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and the superego

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25
Q

what does the ego do?

A

it helps make decisions and balance our decision between the id and the super ego

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26
Q

what is the reality principle?

A

when the ego seeks to balance the two forces of the id and super ego

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27
Q

what are the 2 ways that the tension between the id and the superego rise to personality?

A

different people personalities may reflect differences in the realties strengths of their id and superego

is impacts how a person reacts to anxiety

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28
Q

what role does anxiety play in psychodynamic thought?

A

anxiety is what we feel as a result of the tension among the id, ego and super ego, anxiety would occur when one f the 3 systems is out of balance and signals that “something is wrong, this system is not in harmony”

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29
Q

what can anxiety be about?

A

it can be about something huge and overwhelming or something seemingly small and mundane

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30
Q

does anxiety have a life of its own?

A

yes

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31
Q

what is an example of anxiety having a life of its own?

A

we could experience crushing and debilitating anxiety about something that other would think as silly, or we can not feel anxiety about somthing that would seem very intense

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32
Q

according to freud, how does the ego always engage with anxiety?

A

it is always engaging in anxiety defence

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33
Q

what are defence mechanisms?

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

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34
Q

when would a defence mechanism be put in place?

A

when the ego is unable to resolve the anxieties that impact it

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35
Q

what are the 8 defence mechanisms?

A

denial
displacement
identification
projection
rationalization
reaction formation
repression
sublimation

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36
Q

what is the defence mechanism “denial”?

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information particularly about the self

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37
Q

what is an example of denial?

A

being in denial that certain activities are dangerous because you like doing them

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38
Q

what is the defence mechanism “displacement”?

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour

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39
Q

what is an example of displacement?

A

after getting criticized by your boss at work, you go and yell or criticize your wife for not doing enough housework and taking out your anger on them

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40
Q

what is the defence mechanism “identification”?

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feels about the self

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41
Q

what is an example of identification?

A

a child acts like their favourite hero figure to make them feel more powerful and successful

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42
Q

what is the defence mechanism “projection”?

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself

43
Q

what is an example of projection?

A

a cheating girlfriend who always accuses you of cheating

44
Q

what is the defence mechanism “rationalization”?

A

attempting to hide your true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

45
Q

what is an example of rationalization?

A

people who are prejudiced against certain types of groups of people may not see themselves as racist but may believe those groups of people have negative qualities instead of facing their own prejudice

46
Q

what is the defence mechanism “reaction formation”?

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

47
Q

what is an example of reaction formation?

A

people who are against gay men might be attracted to the same sex

48
Q

what is the defence mechanism “repression”?

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

49
Q

what is an example of repression?

A

victims of abuse would repress their traumatic memories so it seemed to them like it never happened

50
Q

what is the defence mechanism “sublimation”?

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even pro-social alternatives

51
Q

what is an example of sublimation?

A

someone with a great deal of aggression becoming a football player or boxer

52
Q

are defence mechanisms ultimately dysfunctional in the long run of dealing with anxiety?

A

yes, when the undesirable tendencies and problems are not dealt with, there is more and more energy needed to maintain the defence mechanism, leading to other problems

53
Q

what are freuds 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

oral (0-18 months)
anal (18-36 months)
phallic (3-6 years)
latency (6 years-until puberty
genital (puberty-adulthood)

54
Q

what did freud believe regarding personality development?

A

personality developed as the person learned to channel the energy of their libido into an appropriate forms of self-expression

55
Q

what is the oral stage of psychosexual development?

A

this stage is about the foundation of the ego

56
Q

what is the fixation of the oral stage?

A

fixation at this stage represents a basic lack of self-confidence, making the person more dependant on external sources of support

57
Q

what is the measure focus of the oral stage?

A

actions of the month, sucking, chewing and swallowing

58
Q

what is the anal stage of psychosexual development?

A

this stage is about the development of a sense of control and competence

59
Q

what is the fixation of the anal stage?

A

fixation at this stage leads to an “anal retentive” or “anal expulsive” personality, manifesting with either an obsession with cleanliness, order and control or as a disorganized person

60
Q

what is the pleaser focus of the anal stage?

A

bowel elimination control

61
Q

what is the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A

the key personality challenges is the opediouas complex, through which a person further develops the super ego due to the internalization of values from the parents

62
Q

what is the fixation of the phallic stage?

A

fixation at this stage leads to problems with jealously and obsessions with power and sex

63
Q

what is the pleasure focus of the phallic stage?

A

genitals

64
Q

what is the latency stage of psychosexual development?

A

ideally, this stage is fairly conflict free. people focus on developing themselves, discovering their interests through sports, arts and general activities

65
Q

what is the fixation at the latency stage?

A

there isn’t really any that is a big concern

66
Q

what is the pleasure focus at the latency stage?

A

external activities

67
Q

what is the genital stage of psychosexual development?

A

ideally, this stage is also fairly conflict free, people focus on fully and authentically engaging with the world, provided they are not fixated at earlier stages

68
Q

when does the oral stage occur?

A

0-18 months

69
Q

when does the anal stage occur?

A

18-36 months

70
Q

when does the phallic stage occur?

A

3-6 years

71
Q

when does the latency stage occur?

A

6 years-puberty

72
Q

when does the genital stage occur?

A

puberty to adulthood

73
Q

what is fixation?

A

involves becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure with a particular stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate them selves and satisfy their needs at that stage

74
Q

what is a popular approach to analyzing the unconscious?

A

projective tests

75
Q

what are projective tests?

A

personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts

76
Q

why are projective tests, projective?

A

because the image can be interpreted in different ways and the particular interpretation a person chooses is thought to be a projection of their unconscious

77
Q

what is the most familiar projective test?

A

the rorscjach inkblot test

78
Q

what is the rorschjach inkblot test?

A

a test where people are asked to describe what they see in an inkblot and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method

79
Q

what is the thematic approach test (TAT)?

A

a projective test which asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving interpersonal situations

80
Q

what is an example of the thematic approach test (TAT)?

A

a picture would show a man and a woman looking at each other with blank expressions. the subjects are asked to tell a story about these people. who are they, what emotions are they feeling, why are they looking at each other

81
Q

what is one negative of projective tests?

A

they have not fared well in empirical research, receiving criticism for low reliability and validity

82
Q

what does low reliability of projective tests indicate?

A

indicates that the test will not give the same measurement on subsequent assessments of the sam person

83
Q

what does low validity of projective tests indicate?

A

indicates that the test does not actually measure what it proposes that it measures

84
Q

have therapists claimed to have experienced significant breakthroughs by using projective tests?

A

yes

85
Q

who founded analytical psychology?

A

carl jung

86
Q

what is analytical psychology?

A

focus on the rule of unconscious archetypes in personality development

87
Q

where were the archetypes of analytical psychology housed?

A

in the unconscious

88
Q

what are the 2 types of unconscious in analytical psychology?

A

personal unconscious
collective unconscious

89
Q

what is personal unconscious?

A

a vast repository of experiences and patterns absorbed during the personals live

90
Q

what is collective unconscious?

A

a separate, non personal realm of the unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past

91
Q

what are “archetypes” in analytical psychology?

A

images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all cultures

92
Q

what are 6 common archetypes?

A

the mother
the child
the trickster
the wise old man
the hero
the shadow

93
Q

what is the shadow archetype?

A

the represents unwanted aspects of the self that the person is unwilling to acknowledge, and has ben very influential among psychologists who emphasize personal growth, individual empowerment, and healing from trauma

94
Q

what are archetypes used for?

A

the represent major narrative patterns in human experience, when archetypal symbols appear it was believed they could be interpreted and give insights into peoples personal life

95
Q

who founded the inferiority complex?

A

alfred adler

96
Q

what is the inferiority complex?

A

the struggle man people have with feelings of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood

97
Q

how does Adler describe how people strive to compensate for their inferior feelings?

A

by trying to appear competent and in many cases overcompensate for their inferior feelings by trying to appear superior to others

98
Q

did Karen Horney agree with frued?

A

no she disagreed with his heavy emphasis on sex and especially infantile sexuality

99
Q

what did Karen honey focus on?

A

the importance of social and cultural factors, arguing that to understand personality one should focus on the functioning of a persons present self, rather than overwhelmingly focusing on the unconscious

100
Q

what did Karen Horney feel that men suffered from?

A

womb envy, because ,men can never experience birthing and carrying around another human life as part of oneself or experience breastfeeding

101
Q

what did humanistic psychologists want to explore?

A

the potential for humans to become truly free and deeply fulfilled

102
Q

what did humanistic psychologists emphasize?

A

the individuals free will to make choices, highlighted positive motivations for personal growth and development

103
Q

who promoted a “person-centred perspective”?

A

the assumption that people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally

104
Q

according to carl Rodgers, how do self actualized people act towards their selves?

A

they deeply accept their selves and are highly self aware

intro psych (42 decks)

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