Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

intro psych > chapter 14.1 > Flashcards

chapter 14.1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what are health psychologists?

A

researchers who study both the positive effects and negative effects that humans behaviour and decisions have on their health, survival and well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 life-shortening health problems that smoking cigarettes causes?

A

lung, mouth and throat cancer
heart disease
pulmonary diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much does shorter is the average smokers life span than a non smoker?

A

7-14 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what age can you quit smoking by to greatly reduce the likleihood that a person will die of smoking related cancers?

A

have to quit by age 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what percentage of Canadians smoke cigarettes?

A

12.9% / 4.1 million

15.8% of males
10.1% of females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many deaths does tobacco cause each year?

A

7 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the leading cause of preventable death in north America?

A

cigarette smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

do more Canadians die demo smoking or from car accidents?

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are 3 ways that health officials have tried to limit smoking?

A

anti smoking laws
adding warnings to cigarette packages
adding picture based warnings (graphic images)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a new challenge to health officials?

A

the issue of e-cigarettes or vaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is vaping / e-cigarettes an issue?

A

they are advertised as safer but in reality they are not and it also makes kids start vaping sooner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does nicotine provide positive reinforcement?

A

nicotine stimulated reward circuitry in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does nicotine provide negative reinforcement?

A

nicotine reduces uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the freshman 15?

A

the supposed number of pounds students can expect to gain during their first year of school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 3 factors that accounts for the freshman 15?

A

increase food intake
decreased physical activity
increased levels of alcohol consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do you have to factor in when discussing someones weight?

A

their height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do healthcare workers us to account for height differences when measuring weight?

A

the body mass index (BMI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the body mass index (BMI)?

A

a statistic commonly used for estimating a healthy body weight given an individuals height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is BMI calculated?

A

persons weight/ the square of the persons height (in M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

if a person is 180 cm tall and 100 kg, what is their BMI?

A

100/1.8^2 = 30.86

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the everyday usage of BMI?

A

to determine if someone is normal weight, under weight, over weight or obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the healthy BMI range for someone?

A

18.5-24.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the BMO score for someone underweight?

A

less than 18.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what BMI range is considered overweight?

A

25-29.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a BMI for an obese person?

A

30 or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when is BMI a useful statistic?

A

when studying a large group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are 4 health consequences of being obese?

A

cardiovascular disease
diabetes
osteoarthritis
some forms of cancer

28
Q

what percentage of canadian are obese?

A

27%

29
Q

what percentage of people in the US are obese?

A

42.4%

30
Q

why is weight gained?

A

because of a positive energy balance meaning that too many calories come in and not enough are expended

31
Q

what are 3 factors besides overeating that can lead to obesity?

A

genetics
lifestyle
social variabels

32
Q

how much do genes account for variation in body weight?

A

about 50%-90%

33
Q

what are the 3 things that genes influence that contribute to body weight and size?

A

body type
metabolism
other physiological processes

34
Q

what is set point?

A

a hypothesized mechanism ism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level

35
Q

is the set point an exact number of kilograms or pounds?

A

no, it is a range encompassing 10%-20% of a persons body weight

36
Q

what is your initial set point controlled by?

A

genetic mechanisms

37
Q

how can your actual weight be modified?

A

environmental factors mostly what you eat and how much

38
Q

according to set point theory, if an individuals gains 10% of their body weight. how will that impact their set point?

A

it will cause their set point to shift upwards, the body acts as though its normal weight is now larger

39
Q

what does the set point theory explain?

A

who people who gain weight may shed a few pounds with relative ease but find it hard to continue losing weight

40
Q

what challenged the set point theory?

A

the findings that individual differences in physical activity may be a stronger determinant of who succeeds at losing weight and keeping it off

41
Q

what activity is the biggest culprit of weight gain?

A

watching television, only 13.7% of men who watch five or fewer hours of TV per week were obese

42
Q

why does TV watching contribute to weight gain more than spending time on a computer?

A

because when you are watching TV you are snacking more

43
Q

what were the 2 key findings from studies of video game playing and child obesity?

A

first, only half of these studies show any association between video game play and obesity

second, as with many research designes in this area most studies lack key methodologies that would help ascertain whether video games actually had any impact in their weight gain

44
Q

what social factors contribute to weight gain?

A

family, especially due to what the family is eating and how much

45
Q

what do studies show regarding how food commercials impact children’s eating?

A

while watching a 30 min cartoon, they consume 45% more snack food than children who view non food commercials

46
Q

what is the first step when using psychological research to lose weight?

A

think critically about the weight loss options

47
Q

how important is positive emotion in weight loss?

A

it is very important to think positively about your self

48
Q

why doe positive emotion help with weight loss?

A

it is likely that the positive emotion reduced the participants stress regarding dieting and a reduction in stress eating and a reduction in calories consumed

49
Q

besides losing the weight, what is then other half of the battle in weight loss?

A

keeping the weight off

50
Q

what are the 2 challenges when trying to keep weight off?

A

obese people pay more attention to food cues and find them more rewarding than non-obese people

the drive to eat and the perceived value of food is increased making it more difficult to removes snacks from your routine

51
Q

what have studies shown about people who attempt to diet early in life?

A

they are typically heavier later in life, when they restrain certain foods early in life it makes it more rewarding later in life

52
Q

how do cultural identities impact weight loss?

A

different cultures have different ideas about what a “healthy body” looks like

53
Q

do health and wealth increase together?

A

yes

54
Q

why do health and wealth increase together?

A

because communities who have more money enjoy better health care but also have a greater sense of control over their environments and have the resources they need to maintain a lifestyle of their choosing

55
Q

why are people who experience adverse socioeconomic circumstances are at a greater risk for developing heart disease?

A

due to the combination of stress and poorer diets

56
Q

how can discrimination compromise health?

A

it can negatively impact both physical health and mental health, this kinds of stressor is particularly problematic because it is often uncontrollable and unpredictable

57
Q

how can being a target of prejudice and discrimination cause health problems?

A

can cause increased blood pressure, heart rate, and stress hormones. if experienced over a long period of time it can compromise physical health

58
Q

if people feel they are a target of racism, how will their body react?

A

their blood pressure will be elevated for the dat and it recovers poorly when they sleep

59
Q

how can chronic social isolation impact your death?

A

it has just as great a mortality rate as smoking, obesity and high blood pressure

60
Q

what is social resilience?

A

the ability to keep positive relationships and endure and recover from social isolation and life stressors

61
Q

why is social resilience important?

A

it can protect individuals from the negative health consequences of loneliness and social isolation

62
Q

what are the 3 health benefits of being married?

A

longer lifespan
better mental health
better physical health

63
Q

how can a bad marriage impact your health?

A

people tend to experience more depression and greater incidences of physical illness

64
Q

what is social cognition?

A

the often subtle, unintentional spreading of a behaviour as a result of social interactions

65
Q

what is an example of social cognition?

A

starting to vape because all of your friends started to vape

66
Q
A

intro psych (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions