12.2

Question 1

what does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 1

western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic

Question 2

are people from multiple cultures WEIRD?

Answer 2

yes, Canadians, Western Europeans, Australians, New Zealanders and Americans

Question 3

is there differences between people who are WEIRD and people who are not?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

are the big five traits of personality based on WEIRD people and does it translate to other parts of the world?

Answer 4

yes the big five to apply to people all over the world

Question 5

was there some differences of people across the world regarding the big five personality traits?

Answer 5

yes, there were many differences but the people in those cultures appeared to share the same personality structures

Question 6

what is the limitation of the big five personality factor scale?

Answer 6

it is done in English and it only measures the big 5 factors and nothing else

Question 7

how does the big five factor scale have biases?

Answer 7

it has biases of the Western culture and the English language and people from other cultures and languages may struggle with it

Question 8

how have researchers dealt with the biases of the big five personality scale?

Answer 8

they would use personality descriptors in other languages, this has already revealed unique personality factors not captures in the big five

Question 9

what has changing personality descriptors to other languages already discovered?

Answer 9

they found 26 new personality traits in total, and when they performed factor analysis on all the traits of the new 26 ones, they founds a different structure from the big five

Question 10

what is an important advantage of personality scales being translated in to the native languages of the people taking the test?

Answer 10

psychologists can test for personality differences across cultures

Question 11

what are differences of personality that have been found across cultures?

Answer 11

that differnt cultures will score differently on the big five personality test because different cultures has their own view of what traits are desirable

Question 12

what are response styles?

Answer 12

characteristic ways of responding to questions

Question 13

what is an example of how response styles impact the big 5 personality trait test?

Answer 13

in one culture it mat be socially more acceptable to say highly positive things about your self, this would cause a culture to rank higher or lower on certain traits of the big 5 personally scale

Question 14

what is geographical psychology?

Answer 14

comparing group software people living within a single nation

Question 15

what do physiologists suggest that a reason is to some personality differences?

Answer 15

the location that they are born in to, this causes them to to be influenced by certain social norms of that location

Question 16

do identical twins have a stronger correlation for each personality trait than fraternal twins?

Answer 16

yes, identical twins have a correlation of .50 for all five factors, fraternal only have a .20

Question 17

what is a genome-wide association study?

Answer 17

involved examining the DNA of the entire genome of individuals and determining which genetic variants are associated with a particular trait

Question 18

what is an example of evolutionary personality in non human species?

Answer 18

in a group of birds (parts major) they displayed different patterns of behaviour when encountering new environments, some would “fast-explore” other would “slow-explore”

Question 19

what causes birds to have different exploring methods?

Answer 19

depends on the year they are having, if they have lots of resources they will explore slowly, if they do not they will explore fast

Question 21

what is an example of a request?

Answer 21

when somone is searching something up on google requesting certain information

Question 22

do animals have personalities?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

what the big 5 personality traits found in a bunch of different species?

Answer 23

yes, such as rhinos, primates, hedgehogs, and even ants

Question 24

what can the evolutionary perspectives help us with?

Answer 24

it can explain why humans have evolved the particular personality traits we have

Question 25

how have the big five personality traits been selected to be the big five?

Answer 25

those 5 traits have helps promote survival and reproductive success in the past

Question 26

what is an example of a big 5 personality trait helping us in the past?

Answer 26

individuals high in extraversion could be more likely to rise in social hierarchies and plain leadership roles in a community

Question 27

what is humorism?

Answer 27

a theory that explained both physical illness and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids of the body- the 4 “humours”

Question 28

what is phrenology?

Answer 28

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull

Question 29

what is the arousal theory of extraversion?

Answer 29

a theory arguing that extraversion is determined by peoples threshold for arousal

Question 30

what does the theory of extraversion state?

Answer 30

according to this theory, people high in extraversion have a higher threshold for arousal than people low in extraversion

Question 31

what does the theory of extraversion say how extraverts act as a result of being extraverted?

Answer 31

extraverts generally seek grater amounts of stimulation, whereas introverts seek to limit the amount of stimulation they experience so as to not become overwhelmed with excessive arousal

Question 32

what is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

Answer 32

a part in the brain that plays a central role in controlling this arousal response

Question 33

what does the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) responsible for?

Answer 33

for generating a response for a given “kick”

Question 34

what is the behavioural activation system (BAS)?

Answer 34

a “go” system, arousing to person action in the pursuit of desired goals

Question 35

what does the behavioural activation system (BAS) respond to?

Answer 35

it is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences, the BAS activation is associated with greater positive emotional responses and approach motivation

Question 36

what is the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)?

Answer 36

the system that is more of a danger system, motivating the person to act in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

Question 37

what is the behavioural inhibition system associated with?

Answer 37

it is associated with greater negative emotional responses and avoidance motivation

Question 38

what is the underlying theory of behavioural activation system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) supported by?

Answer 38

it is supported by individual differences in brain activity that support approach and avoidance responses

Question 39

what parts of the brain are the big 5 personality factors associated with?

Answer 39

the BIS and BAS systems

Question 40

what system is extraversion most related to?

Answer 40

it is related to BAS activation

Question 41

what system is neuroticism most related to?

Answer 41

BIS activation

Question 42

what are the 3 levels of analysis when looking at how extraverts respond?

Answer 42

behavioural
neurochemical
emotional

Question 43

what is an example of the 3 levels of how extraverts respond to situations?

Answer 43

extraverts behave impulsively when presented with the possibility of rewards and even ignore the risk of punishment (behavioural)

they show a stronger dopamine response to rewarding stimuli (neurochemical)

they tend to experience more positive emotions in a range of situations (emotional)