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NUC0520 MED100c Terminology > Chapter 5: Digestive System: Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Digestive System: Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

Food enters the mouth and solid waste leaves the body.

Four functinos:

  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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2
Q

ingested

A

Complex food material is placed in the mouth

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3
Q

digested

A

Food is broken down chemically and mechanically as it travels through the GI tract

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4
Q

enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients

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5
Q

glucose

A

sugar

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6
Q

digestion

A

Occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

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7
Q

absorption

A

Nutrients are digested as the food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream

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8
Q

elimination

A

Solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream pass out of the body through the rectum as feces

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9
Q

feces

A

Solid waste material that could not be broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream

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10
Q

oral cavity

A

The GI tract begins in the mouth

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11
Q

cheeks

A

Form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity

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12
Q

lips

A

Surround the opening to the oral cavity

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13
Q

hard palate

A

Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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14
Q

soft palate

A

Muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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15
Q

rugae

A

Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate

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16
Q

uvula

A

Small soft tissue projection that hangs from the soft palate. It aids in production of sounds and speech

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17
Q

rugae

A

Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate and located in the stomach

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18
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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19
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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20
Q

papillae

A

Small raised areas on the tongue that contain taste buds

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21
Q

papillae

A

Small raised areas on the tongue that contain taste buds

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22
Q

tonsils

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes on either side of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth).

Filters to protect the body from invasion of microorganisms and produce lymphocytes (disease-fighting white blood cells)

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23
Q

gums

A

Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

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24
Q

salivary glands

A

Exocrine glands that surround and empty saliva into the oral cavity, which lubricates the mouth. Contains digestive enzymes and healing growth factors such as cytokines.

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25
Q

submandibular gland

A

Secretes saliva

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26
Q

sublingual gland

A

Secretes saliva

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27
Q

pharynx

A

throat

About 5” long, lined with a mucous membrane. Serves as a passageway for both air and food

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28
Q

esophagus

A

9-10” muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

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29
Q

peristalsis

A

Involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus propelling a bolus (mass of food) down toward the stomach

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30
Q

bolus

A

mass of food

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31
Q

bolus

A

mass of food

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32
Q

stomach

A

Three (3) main parts:

  • fundus
  • body
  • antrum
33
Q

fundus

A

Upper portion of the stomach

34
Q

body (of the stomach)

A

Middle section of the stomach

35
Q

antrum

A

Lower portion of the stomach

36
Q

sphincters

A

Control the openings into and leading out the stomach

37
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

Relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach

38
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine when it is ready

39
Q

mucosa

A

mucous membrane

40
Q

pepsin

A

Enzyme produced in the rugae of the stomach to begin digestion of proteins

41
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

Secreted by the rugae in the stomach to digest protein and kill any bacteria remaining in the food

42
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

Secreted by the rugae in the stomach to digest protein and kill any bacteria remaining in the food

43
Q 
small intestine
(small bowel)
A

Extends for 20 feet from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine.

Three (3) parts:

  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
44
Q

bile

A

Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, secreted into the duodenum.
Helps digest food before it passes into the jejunum.
Contains cholesterol, bile acids, and several bile pigments.
Thick, orange-black (sometimes greenish) fluid.

45
Q

liver

A

Produces bile continuously

46
Q

gallbladder

A

Stores bile

Pear-shaped sac under the liver

47
Q

pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes to aid in digestion of food before it passes into the jejunum.

Is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine organ.

48
Q

jejunum

A

Second part of the small intestine, approx. 8 feet long. Connects to the ileum

49
Q

ileum

A

Third part of the small intestine, about 11 feet long. Connects to the first part of the large intestine

50
Q

large intestine

A

Extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

Three (3) parts:

  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
51
Q

cecum

A

Pouch on the right side that connects the ileum at the ileocecal valve (sphincter)

52
Q

appendix

A

Hangs from the cecum

53
Q

colon

A

About 5 feet long and has four (4) segments:

  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
54
Q

ascending colon

A

Extends from the cecum to the under-surface of the liver where it turns left to become the transverse colon

55
Q

villus
(singular)

villi
(plural)

A

Tiny, microscopic projections line the walls of the small intestine. Capillaries in villi absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph vessels

56
Q

transverse colon

A

Passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward into the descending colon

57
Q

descending colon

A

Section of the colon leading down from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon

58
Q

sigmoid colon

A

Shaped like an S, begins at the distal end of the descending colon and leads into the rectum

59
Q

rectum

A

Terminates in the lower opening of the GI tract

60
Q

anus

A

Sphincter at the end of the GI tract. Opens for elimination

61
Q

feces

A

Stool; bowel movement

62
Q

defection

A

Expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus

63
Q

bilirubin

A

Bile pigment is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction.
Leaves the body in feces

64
Q

jaundice

hyperbilirubinemia

A

Yellow discolouration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
Caused by bilirubin remaining in the bloodstream

65
Q

hepatic duct

A

Transports bile from the liver to the cystic duct

66
Q

cystic duct

A

Transports bile from the hepatic duct to the gallbladder

67
Q

common bile duct

A

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

68
Q

emulsification

A

Bile has a detergent-like effect on fats, breaking them apart to create more surface area so pancreatic enzymes can digest the fats

69
Q

emulsification

A

Bile has a detergent-like effect on fats, breaking them apart to create more surface area so pancreatic enzymes can digest the fats

70
Q

glycogen

A

starch

71
Q

glycogenolysis

A

Liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose when blood sugar levels become low

72
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

The liver converts proteins and fats into glucose

73
Q

portal vein

A

Brings blood to the liver from the intestines.

Nutrients from digested food passes into the portal vein directly after being absorbed into the capillaries of the small intestine.

74
Q

amylase

A

Enzyme that digests starch

75
Q

lipase

A

Enzyme that digests fat

76
Q

protease

A

Enzyme that digests protein

77
Q

insulin

A

Hormone secreted by the pancreas. Acts as a carrier to bring glucose into body cells to be used for energy

78
Q

GI tract path

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
79
Q

triglycerides

A

Lipid

Fat molecules composed of three (3) parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.

NUC0520 MED100c Terminology (131 decks)

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