Chapter 2: Whole Body Terms: Vocabulary Flashcards
cell membrane
Surrounds and protects the cell.
Regulates what passes into and out of the cell.
nucleus
Controls the operations of the cell.
It directs cell division.
Determines the structure and function of the cell.
chromosomes
Rod-like structures within the nucleus that contain genes (DNA).
Sex cells (egg and sperm) contain 23 unpaired chromosomes. All other body cells contain 23 pairs (46 total) chromosomes.
genes
There are several thousand genes in each chromosome in an orderly sequence.
Contains a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome.
Resembles a series of recipes in code.
When it passes out of the nucleus, it directs the activities of the cell, such as cell division and protein synthesis.
karyotype
Photograph of an individual’s chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number.
Determines whether chromosomes are normal or abnormal.
cytoplasm
Includes all of the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane.
Contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell.
mitochondria
Small sausage-shaped bodies that provide the principal source of energy for the cell.
Uses nutrients and oxygen to release energy stored in food.
The total of the chemical processes occurring in a cell
catabolism
Chemical process where complex foods are broken down into smaller substances and energy is released by the mitochondria.
Provides the energy for cells.
endoplasmic reticulum
Network of canals within the cell.
Manufacture proteins for the cell.
ribosomes
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Builds long chains of proteins
anabolism
Occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Process of building large proteins from small proteins called amino acids.
epithelial tissue
Located all over the body. Forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin.
Lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce.
epithelial
Originally referred to the tissue on the breast nipple. Now it describes all tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs.
muscle tissue
Voluntary muscle is found in arms, legs, and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control.
Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.
adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells
nerve tissue
Conducts impulses all over the body
muscle cell
Long and slender. Contains fibers that aid in contacting and relaxing
epithelial cell
May be square and flat to provide protection.
Covers the outside of the body and lines the surface of internal organs.
nerve cell
May be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses
fat cell
Contains large, empty spaces for fat storage
cartilage
Flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints.
Forms part of the external ear and the nose.
Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.
histologist
Specialist in the study of tissues
larynx
Voice box.
Located at the upper part of the trachea
pharynx
Throat.
Serves as the common passageway for food and air.
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain
thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
ureter
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.
urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
uterus
Womb; Organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops.
What organs are included in the digestive system?
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines (small and large) Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
What organs are included in the urinary or excretory system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What organs are included in the respiratory system?
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs
What organs are included in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Mammary glands
What organs are included in the male reproductive system?
Testes and associated tubes
Urethra
Penis
Prostate gland
What organs are included in the endocrine system?
Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Sex glands (ovaries and testes) Adrenal glands Pancreas Parathyroid glands
What organs are included in the nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Collections of nerves
What organs are included in the circulatory system?
Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries Lymphatic vessels and nodes Spleen Thymus gland
What organs are included in the musculoskeletal system?
Muscles
Bones
Joints
What are the skin and sense organs?
Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous (oil) glands Eye Ear Nose Tongue
What organs are included in the cranial cavity?
Brain
Pituitary gland
What organs are included in the thoracic cavity?
Lungs Heart Esophagus Trachea Bronchial tubes Thymus gland Aorta
What are the two smaller cavities of the thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity: Space surrounding each lung. Pleura surrounds and protects the lungs.
Mediastinum: Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and lymph nodes.
What organs are included in the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum Diaphragm Kidneys Stomach Small and large intestines Spleen Pancreas Liver Gallbladder
What organs are included in the pelvic cavity?
Portions of the small and large intestines Rectum Urinary bladder Urethra Ureters Uterus and vagina in the female
What organs are included in the spinal cavity?
Nerves of the spinal cord
What muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
abdominal cavity
Space below the chest. Also called the peritoneal cavity
cranial cavity
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull.
dorsal
Pertaining to the back
posterior
Pertaining to the back
mediastinum
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.
pelvic cavity
Space below the abdomen surrounded by the hip bones
peritoneum
Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
Attaches to abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane around the organs
pleura
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
pleural cavity
Space between the pleural layers
spinal cavity
Space within the spinal column (backbone) containing the spinal cord. Also known as spinal canal
thoracic cavity
Space in the chest containing heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus
ventral
Pertaining to the front
anterior
Pertaining to the front
right hypochondriac region
abdominopelvic region
Right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
left hypochondriac region
abdominopelvic region
Left upper region below the rib cartilage
epigastric region (abdominopelvic region)
Region above the stomach
right lumbar region
abdominopelvic region
Right middle region near the waist
left lumbar region
abdominopelvic region
Left middle region near the waist
umbilical region (abdominopelvic region)
Region of the navel or umbilicus
right inguinal region
abdominopelvic region
Right lower region near the groin. Also called right iliac region
left inguinal region
abdominopelvic region
Left lower region near the groin. Also called left iliac region
hypogastric region (abdominopelvic region)
Middle lower region below the umbilical region
right upper quadrant
abdominopelvic quadrant
Contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestine
left upper quadrant
abdominopelvic quadrant
Contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestine
right lower quadrant
abdominopelvic quadrant
Contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
left lower quadrant
abdominopelvic quadrant
Contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
cervical division of the back
Neck region
7 cervical vertebrae: C1 to C7
thoracic division of the back
Chest region
12 thoracic vertebrae, each joined to a rib: T1 to T12
lumbar division of the back
Loin (waist) or flank region (between the ribs and hipbone)
5 lumbar vertebrae: L1 to L5
sacral division of the back
5 bones (S1 to S5) are fused to form one bone, the sacrum
coccygeal division of the back
4 small bones fused together to form the coccyx (tailbone)
vertebra
Single backbone
vertebrae
Backbones
spinal column
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
spinal cord
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
disk or disc
Pad of cartilage between vertebrae
anterior
Front side of the body
ventral
Front side of the body
posterior
Back side of the body
dorsal
Back side of the body
deep
Away from the surface
superficial
On the surface
proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
inferior
Below another structure
superior
Above another structure
medial
Pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body
lateral
Pertaining to the side
supine
Lying on the back
prone
Lying on the belly
caudal
Pertaining to the tail, or to the lower portion of the body
frontal plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
coronal plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
sagittal plane
Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides
lateral plane
Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides
transverse plane
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground
axial plane
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground
