Chapter 15: Musculoskeletal System: Pronunciation of Terms Flashcards
acetabulum
Rounded depression or socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint
acromion
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
articular cartilage
Thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space
calcaneal
Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)
calcaneus
Heel bone
calcium
One of the mineral constituents of bone
cancellous bone
Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
carpals
Bones of the wrist
cartilage
Flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone
cervical vertebrae
Seven (7) backbones in the neck
chondrocostal
Pertaining to cartilage than is attached to the ribs
clavicle
Collar bone
coccyx
Tailbone
collagen
Dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone
Colles fracture
Broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius
comminuted fracture
Broken bone that is splintered or crushed
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue
condyle
Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint
cranial bones
Bones of the skull
- ethmoid
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
craniotome
Instrument to cut the skull (cranium)
craniotomy
Incision of the skull
crepitus
Crackling sound produced when ends of the bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage
decalcification
Loss or removal of calcium from bones or teeth
diaphysis
Shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
epiphyseal plate
Layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place
epiphysis
Each end of a long bone
ethmoid bone
Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye
Ewing sarcoma
Malignant bone tumor occurring in children
exostosis
Bony growth arising from the surface of a bone
facial bones
Bones of the face
- mandibular
- maxillary
- nasal
- vomer
- zygomatic bones
femoral
Pertaining to the femur
femur
Thigh bone
fibular
Smaller of the two lower leg bones
fibular
Pertaining to the fibula
fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones
fontanelle
Soft spot between skull bones of an infant
foramen
Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
fossa
Shallow cavity in a bone
frontal bone
Skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes
haversian canals
Minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone
humeral
Pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone)
humerus
Upper arm bone
hypercalcemia
High levels of calcium in the blood
iliac
Pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone)
ilium
Upper and largest portion of the pelvic (hip) bone
impacted fracture
Broken bone in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other fragment
ischial
Pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the pelvic bone)
ischium
Posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone
kyphosis
Abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine
lacrimal bones
Two (2) small facial bones that contain tear glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts
lamina
One (1) of two (2) posterior (back) arches of a vertabra
laminectomy
Surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced intervertebral disk
lordosis
Forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column. In it’s extreme form, it is known as “swayback”
lumbar vertebrae
Backbones (5) in the region of the waist (middle section below the chest)
lumbosacral
Pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions)
malleolar
Pertaining to a malleolus
malleolus
Either of two (2) bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle
mandible
Lower jaw bone
mandibular
Pertaining to the lower jaw bone
manubrium
Upper portion of the sternum
mastoid process
Round projection (process) on the temporal bone behind the head
medullary cavity
Inner section of a bone containing soft bone marrow tissue
metacarpals
Hand bones
metacarpectomy
Surgical excision of hand bones
metaphysis
Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone
metatarsalgia
Foot pain
metatarsals
Foot bones
myelopoiesis
Formation of bone marrow
nasal bones
One (1) of two (2) facial bones that form the nose
occipital bone
Forms the posterior portion of the skull
olecranal
Pertaining to the elbow (olecranon)
olecranon
Large process on the end (proximal) of the ulna; elbow
orthopedics
Surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting, and treating deformities and diseases in bones
osseous tissue
Bone tissue
ossificiation
Process of forming bone
osteitis
Inflammation of bone
osteoblast
Bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue
osteoclast
Large bone cell that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing fractures
osteodystrophy
Abnormal development of bone
osteogenesis imperfecta
Congenital bone disease in which bones are unusally brittle and fragile
osteogenic sarcoma
Malignant (cancerous) tumor of bone tissue
osteomalacia
Softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone; rickets
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
osteopenia
Deficiency of bone tissue caused by destruction of bone tissue that exceeds the rate of bone matrix growth
osteoporosis
Abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. Bones become thin, weak, brittle, and break easily
osteotome
Instrument to cut bone
parietal bones
Two (2) bones on either side of the skull
patella
Kneecap
pelvimetry
Measurement of the hip bone to determine if delivery of the infant through the vagina is possible
periosteum
Membrane surrounding the bones
peroneal
Pertaining to the fibular
phalangeal
Pertaining to finger and toe bones
phalanges
Finger and toe bones
phosphorus
Mineral found in bones and teeth
pubic symphysis
Area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone. It is a slightly movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage
pubic
One (1) of two (2) bones forming the front portion of the hipbone
radial
Pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist)
radius
One (1) of two (2) bones in the lower arm (connecting to the wrist on the thumb side)
red bone marrow
Soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
reduction
Reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture
ribs
Twelve (12) pairs of curved, elongated bones in the chest
sacral vertebrae
Bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region)
scapula
Shoulder blade
scapular
Pertaining to the shoulder blade
scoliosis
Abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
sella turcica
Depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland
sinus
Hollow, air cavity within a bone
sphenoid bone
Bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull
spinal stenosis
Narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine
spondylolisthesis
Forward slipping or sublaxation of one (1) vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints
sternum
Breast bone
styloid process
Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
subcostal
Pertaining to under the ribs
subpatellar
Pertaining to under the patella (knee cap)
supraclavicular
Pertaining to above the clavicle (collar bone)
suture
Immovable, fibrous joint, as between the bones of the skull
talipes
Club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot
tarsals
Ankle boxes
tarsectomy
Removal of an anklebone
temporal bones
Two (2) bones on each side of the skull near the ear
temporomandibular joint
Connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone)
thoracic vertebrae
Twelve (12) backbones in the region of the chest
tibia
Larger of the two (2) lower leg bones
tibial
Pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones
trabeculae
Supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone
trochanter
Large process at the neck of the femur (thigh bone)
tubercle
Small, rounded process on a bone
tuberosity
Large, rounded process on a bone
ulna
One (1) of two (2) bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side
ulnar
Pertaining to the ulna
vertebra
(singular)
vertebrae
(plural)
Backbone
vomer
Thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils
xiphoid process
Lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone)
yellow bone matter
Fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones
zygomatic bones
Cheekbones of the face
abduction
Muscle movement away from the midline of the body
achondroplasia
Inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size
adduction
Muscle movement toward the midline of the body
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Damage to nerves on the lateral columns of the spinal cord and lower region of the brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis
ankylosing spondylitis
Chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; marked by stiffness and eventual fusion (anklyosis) of involved joints
ankylosis
Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
arthrodesis
Surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement
arthrotomy
Incision of a joint
articular cartilage
Cartilage surrounding bones in a joint
articulation
A connection between bones; joint
atrophy
Wasting away (lack of development) of a normally developed organ or tissue, especially muscle
bunion
Abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and a bone of the foot
bursa
(singular)
bursae
(plural)
Sac of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
carpal tunnel syndrome
Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament, bones and tendons of the wrist
chondroma
Benign tumor of cartilage
chrondromalacia
Softening of cartilage
dislocation
Displacement of a bone from its joint
dorsiflexion
Backward (upward) bending of the foot
extension
Increasing the angle between two bones and straightening a limb
fascia
Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle
fasciectomy
Removal of fascia
fibromyalgia
Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips, and knees
flexion
Decreasing the angle between two (2) bones, as in bending a limb
ganglion
Cystic mass arising from a tendon
gouty arthritis
Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints
hemarthrosis
Condition of blood in a joint
hydrarthrosis
Condition of water or fluid in a joint
hypertrophy
Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells
hyperuricemia
Increase in uric acid in the blood
leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle
leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
ligament
Connective tissue binding bones to other bones
ligamentous
Pertaining to a ligament
Lyme disease
Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neurologic and cardiac symptoms.
muscular dystrophy
Group of inherited disorders marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
myalgia
Muscle pain
myopathy
Disease of muscles
myositis
Inflammation of muscles
osteoarthritis
Inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space
plantar flexion
Motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground
podagra
Foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis)
polyarthritis
Inflammation of many joints
polymyalgia
Pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips
polymyositis
Inflammation of many muscles
pronation
As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward or down
pyrexia
Fever
rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle
rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues
rheumatologist
Medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders
rotation
Circular movement around an axis (central point)
sprain
Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments
strain
Muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle with pain and swelling
striated muscle
Composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated); attached to bones (voluntary or skeletal muscle)
subluxation
Partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint
supination
As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward or up
suture joint
Joint in which apposed bones are closely united
synovial cavity
Space between bones at a synovial joint. Contains synovial fluid
synovial fluid
Sticky (viscous) fluid within the joint space (synovial cavity)
synovial joint
Freely movable joint
synovial membrane
Membrane lining the synovial joint cavity; produces synovial fluid
synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint
systemic lupus erythematosus
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, blood vessels and other organs; marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembled the bite of a wolf (lupus)
tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons; tendonitis
tendon
A type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
tenorrhaphy
Suture of a tendon
tenosynovitis
Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering
visceral muscle
Muscle that lines the walls of internal organs; smooth or involuntary muscle
antinuclear antibody test
Detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
arthrocentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint
arthrography
X-ray imaging of a joint after injection of a contrast material
arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a joint (with prostheses)
arthroscopy
Visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope
bone density test
Low energy x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to determine bone density
bone scan
Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
computed tomography
X-ray beam and a computer provide cross-sectional images of bones and soft tissue abnormalities
diskography
X-ray images of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disks after injection of contrast material into the interior of the disk
electromyography
Process of recording the strength of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)
(sed rate)
Measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A magnetic field and radio waves create images of soft tissues and muscles
muscle biopsy
Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
rheumatoid factor test
Serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
serum calcium
Measurement of calcium in serum
serum creatine kinase
Measurement of an enzyme (creatine phosphokinase) in serum
uric acid test
Measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis
