Chapter 15: Musculoskeletal System: Vocabulary Flashcards
acetabulum
Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint
acromion
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle
bone
Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
bone depression
Opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
bone process
Enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
calcium
One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.
cancellous bone
Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
cartilage
Flexible, connective tissue; Found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces (articular cartilage)
collagen
Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones
cranial bones
Skull bones:
- ethmoid
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
diaphysis
Shaft, or mid-portion, or a long bone
disk (disc)
Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous structure between two vertebrae
epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton
facial bones
Bones of the face:
- lacrimal
- mandibular
- maxillary
- nasal
- vomer
- zygomatic
fontanelle
Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
foramen magnum
Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
haversion canals
Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone
ligament
Fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones. Ligaments are bands, or strands, located in and around joints
malleolus
Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and medial malleolus is part of the tibia
manubrium
Upper portion of the sternum; joins with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint
mastoid process
Rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
medullary cavity
Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
metaphysis
Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate
olecranon
Large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow
orthopedist
Medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
osseous tissue
Bone tissue
ossification
Process of bone formation
osteoblast
Bone cell that helps form bony tissue
osteoclast
Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue
periosteum
Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
phosphorus
Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
physiatrist
Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation
pubic symphysis
Area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones in the pelvis. They are joined by a fibrocartilaginous disk
red bone marrow
Found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
ribs
Twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall.
sella turcica
Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
sinus
Hollow air cavity within a bone
styloid process
Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
suture
Immovable joint between bones, such as the skull
temporomandibular joint
Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
tendon
Fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
trabeculae
Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone
vertebra
Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina. Encloses the neural canal and spinal cord
xiphoid process
Lower, narrow portion of the sternum
yellow bone marrow
Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
rheumatologists
Physicians who specialize primarily in joint problems
chiropractor
Not a physician, but has extensive and specialized training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints, and soft tissues
physical therapist
Master’s or doctoral degree-prepared health care professional who develops and treatment plan based on a physician’s diagnosis. Their goals are to restore function, improve mobility, and relieve pain
athletic trainers
Health care professionals who work with a physician to provide therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation of injuries and medical conditions
osteocytes
bone cells
collagen
Dense connective tissue strands
long bones
Found in the thigh, lower leg, upper arm, and lower arm. Very strong and broad at the ends where they joint with other bones. They have large surface areas for muscle attachment
short bones
Found in the wrist and ankle. Small with irregular shape
flat bones
Found covering soft body parts. Examples are skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones
sesamoid bones
Small, rounded bones found near joints. They increase efficiency of muscles near a particular joint. Example is a kneecap
articular cartilage
Very smooth, strong, and slick tissue that cushions the joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently.
compact (cortical) bone
Layer or hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones and is located around the diaphysis of long bones. Within is a system of small canals called haversian canals
hematopoiesis
Production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
frontal bone
Forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets
parietal bone
The two (2) bones that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium. There is one bone on each side of the skull
temporal bone
The two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium. Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible
occipital bone
Forms the back and base of the skull. Joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
sphenoid bone
Bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull. Serves as an anchor to hold the frontal, occipital and ethmoid bones together
ethmoid bone
Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
nasal bones
Two (2) slender bones that support the bridge of the nose. Forms part of the nasal septum
lacrimal bones
Two (2) small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye. Contains fossae for the lacrimal gland (tear gland) and canals for the passage of the lacrimal duct
maxillary bones
Two (2) large bones that compose the upper jawbones
mandibular bone
Lower jawbone
zygomatic bones
Two (2) bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high portion of the cheek
vomer
Thin, single flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
sinuses
Air cavities
vertebral body
Inner, thick, round anterior portion of the vertebra
intervertebral disk (disc)
Pad of cartilage between two vertebrae that improves flexibility and absorbs shocks to the vertebral column
lamina
Bar-like portion of the vertebra connecting the spinous process and transverse process
neural or spinal cavity
Space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
Five (5) separate bones that fuse in a young child.
coccyx
Tailbone
clavicle
Collar bone; a slender bone, positioned ventrally, one on each side, connecting the sternum to each shoulder blade
scapula
Shoulder blade; one (1) of two (2) flat, triangular bones on each dorsal side of the thorax
acromioclavicular joint
Joint formed between the acromion and the scapula
sternum
Breastbone; a flat bone extending vertically down the midline of the chest
costal cartilages
Cartilaginous attachments joining the first 7 pairs of ribs to the sternum
true ribs
Ribs 1-7; connects to the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly
false ribs
Ribs 8-10; connects to the vertebral column posteriorly but join with the 7th rib anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum
floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12; joins to the vertebral column posteriorly but do not connect to anything anteriorly
humerus
Upper arm bone
ulna
Medial lower arm (forearm) bone
radius
Lateral lower arm (forearm) bone; in line with the thumb
carpals
Wrist bones
metacarpals
Five (5) bones of the palm of the hand
phalanges
Finger bones
pelvic girdle
Pelvis. Contains 3 bones:
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
ilium
Uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
iliac crest
Superior part of the ilium. Filled with red bone marrow and serves as an attachment for abdominal wall muscles as well as the muscles of the hip and buttocks
ischium
Interior or lower part of the pelvis. You sit on the ischium and muscles attached to it
pubis
Anterior portion of the pelvis
pelvic cavity
Region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle. Contains:
- rectum
- sigmoid colon
- bladder
- female reproductive organs
femur
Thigh bone; longest bone in the body
patella
Kneecap; small, flat bone that lies in front of the articulation between the femur and the tibia
tibia
Larger of the two (2) bones in the lower leg; typically called the shin bone
fibula
Smaller of the two (2) bones in the lower leg
tarsals
Bones of the middle and hing parts of the foot
calcaneus
Largest of the tarsals called the heel bone
talus
One (1) of the three (3) bones that form the ankle joint
metatarsals
Bones of the midfoor
phalanges of the foot
Bones of the forefoot (toes)
articulation
Any type of joint
bursa
(singular)
bursae
(plural)
Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
meniscus
Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
synovial cavity
Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity
synovial joint
A freely movable joint
synovial membrane
Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid
tendon
Fibrous, connective tissue muscles to bones
abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
dorsiflexion
Straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
fascia
Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
flexion
Bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones
insertion of a muscle
Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton
origin of a muscle
Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usually proximal on the skeleton
plantar flexion
Downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion
pronation
Turning the palm downward
rotation
Circular movement around a central point. Internal rotation is toward the centre of the body. External rotation is away from the centre of the body
striated muscle
Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle
supination
Turning the palm upward
visceral muscle
Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
