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NUC0520 MED100c Terminology > Chapter 19: Cancer Medicine (Oncology): Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Cancer Medicine (Oncology): Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation)

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2
Q

alkylating agents

A

Chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs that cause crosslinks and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing

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3
Q

anaplasia

A

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi, which cause breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division

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5
Q

antimetabolites

A

Chemotherapeutic agents that block the synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevent cells from dividing

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6
Q

antimitotics

A

Chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis

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7
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

Normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging. Some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis, and they live forever

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8
Q

benign tumor

A

Noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

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9
Q

brachytherapy

A

Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor

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10
Q

carcinogens

A

Agents that cause cancer: chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

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11
Q

chemotherapy

A

Treatment with drugs

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12
Q

combination chemotherapy

A

Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors

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13
Q

dedifferentiation

A

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation

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14
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

A

Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis

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15
Q

differentiatino

A

Specialization of cells

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16
Q

electron beams

A

Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors

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17
Q

encapsulated

A

Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated

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18
Q

external beam irradiation

A

Radiation is applied to a tumor from a source outside the body

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19
Q

fields

A

Dimensions of the area of the body undergoing radiation

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20
Q

fractionation

A

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses

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21
Q

genetic screening

A

Patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene

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22
Q

grading of tumors

A

Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or degree of differentiation

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23
Q

gray

A

Unit of absorbed radiation dose

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24
Q

gross description of tumors

A

Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye

  • cystic
  • fungating
  • inflammatory
  • medullary
  • necrotic
  • polypoid
  • ulcerating
  • verrucous
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25
Q

immunotherapy

A

Cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells

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26
Q

infiltrative

A

Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

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27
Q

invasive

A

Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

28
Q

irradiation

A

Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays

29
Q

linear accelerator

A

Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors

30
Q

malignant tumor

A

Tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis

31
Q

mesenchymal

A

Embryonic connective tissue

This is the tissue from which connective tissues (bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, and blood cells) arise

32
Q

metastasis

A

Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site

33
Q

microscopic description of tumors

A

Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope

  • alveolar
  • carcinoma in situ
  • diffuse
  • dysplastic
  • epidermoid
  • follicular
  • papillary
  • pleomorphic
  • scirrhous
  • undifferentiated
34
Q

mitosis

A

Replication of cells; a stage in a cell’s life cycle involving production of two identical cells from a parent cell

35
Q

mixed-tissue tumors

A

Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue)

36
Q

modality

A

Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation

37
Q

molecularly targeted therapy

A

Use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth

38
Q

morbidity

A

Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

39
Q

mucinous

A

Containing mucus (a thick whitish secretion)

40
Q

mutation

A

Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously

41
Q

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

Drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of a tumor

42
Q

neoplasm

A

New growth; benign or malignant tumor

43
Q

nucleotide

A

Unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code

44
Q

oncogene

A

Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene)

45
Q

palliative

A

Relieving but not curing symptoms

46
Q

pedunculated

A

Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors

47
Q

photon therapy

A

Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays

48
Q

protocol

A

Detailed plan for treatment of an illness

49
Q

proton therapy

A

Subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body

50
Q

radiation

A

Energy carried by a stream of particles

51
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy

52
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

Tumor that survives large doses of radiation

53
Q

radiosensitive tumor

A

Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to the surrounding tissue

54
Q

radiosensitizers

A

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays

55
Q

radiotherapy

A

Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation oncology

56
Q

relapse

A

Recurrence of tumor after treatment

57
Q

remission

A

Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease

58
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells

59
Q

sarcoma

A

Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue

60
Q

serous

A

Having the appearance of a thing, watery fluid (serum)

61
Q

sessile

A

Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors

62
Q

solid tumor

A

Tumor composed of a mass of cells

63
Q

staging of tumors

A

System of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors

64
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors

65
Q

surgical procedures to treat cancer

A

Methods of removing cancerous tissue

  • cryosurgery
  • cauterization
  • en bloc resection
  • excisional biopsy
  • exenteration
  • fulguration
  • incisional biopsy
66
Q

viral oncogenes

A

Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant

67
Q

virus

A

Infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself

NUC0520 MED100c Terminology (131 decks)

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