Chapter 5: Digestive System: Exercises Flashcards
Consists of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections
colon
Small sac under the liver; stores bile
gallbladder
First part of the large intestine
cecum
End of the digestive tract opening to the outside of the body
anus
Second part of the small intestine
jejunum
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
esophagus
Third part of the small intestine
ileum
Large organ in the right upper quadrant; secretes bile, stores sugar, produces blood proteins
liver
Throat
pharynx
Lowest part of the colon
sigmoid colon
First part of the small intestine
duodenum
Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and digestive enzymes
pancreas
Microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine
villi
Salivary gland near the ear
parotid
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
Soft inner section of a tooth
pulp
Chemical that speeds up reactions and helps digest foods
enzyme
Pigment released with bile
bilirubin
Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas
insulin
Rhythm-like contraction of the muscles in the walls of the gastrointestinal walls
peristalsis
Breakdown of large fat molecules
emulsification
labi/o
lip
cheil/o
lip
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
dent/i
tooth
odont/o
tooth
lapar/o
abdomen
celi/o
abdomen
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
lip/o
fat
steat/o
fat
adip/o
fat
-iasis
abnormal condition
-osis
abnormal condition
chol/e
gall, bile
bil/i
gall, bile
resection
removal, excision
-ectomy
removal, excision
Removal of a salivary gland
sialadenectomy
Pertaining to the throat
pharyngeal
Hernia of the rectum
rectocele
Enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
Surgical repair of the roof of the mouth
palatoplasty
After meals
postprandial
post cibum - cib/o refers to meals or feeding
Visual examination of the anal and rectal region
proctoscopy
Study of the cause (of disease)
etiology
Incision of the common bile duct
choledochotomy
Pertaining to teeth and cheek
dentibuccal
Disease condition of the small intestine
enteropathy
New opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum
choledochojejunostomy
Pertaining to surrounding the anus
perianal
New opening from the colon to the outside of the body
colostomy
Under the lower jaw
submandibular
Pertaining to the face
facial
Treats disorders of the rectum and anus
proctologist
Operates on the organs of the urinary tract
urologist
Straightens teeth
orthodontist
Performs root canal therapy
endodontist
Operates on the mouth and teeth
oral surgeon
Treats kidney disorders
nephrologist
Diagnoses and treats gastrointestinal disorders
gastroenterologist
Treats gum disease
periodontist
Operates on the intestinal tract
colorectal surgeon
Inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
Inflammation of the large intestine
colitis
Inflammation of the passageway from the throat to the stomach
esophagitis
Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the abdomen
peritonitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the third part of the small intestine
ileitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
Inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
Inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
Inflammation of the salivary gland
sialadenitis
Inflammation of the small and large intestines
enterocolitis
High level of blood sugar
hyperglycemia
Inflammation of the lip
cheilitis
Pertaining to administration of medicines and fluid other than by mouth
parenteral
Mucous membrane
mucosa
Expulsion of feces from the body through the anus
defecation
Breakdown (conversion) of starch to sugar
glycogenolysis
Fan-like membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall
mesentery
Large vessel that takes blood to the liver from the intestines
portal vein
New surgical connection between structures or organs
anastomosis
Pertaining to bile ducts
biliary
Process of forming new sugar from proteins and fats
gluconeogenesis
High levels of a bile pigment in the bloodstream
hyperbilirubinemia
Passage of bright red blood from the rectum
hematochezia
Lack of appetite
anorexia
Fat in the feces
steatorrhea
Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
melena
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
ascites
Rumbling noises produced by gas in the gastrointestinal tract
borborygmi (bowel sounds)
Gas expelled through the anus
flatus
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit
nausea
Loose, watery stools
diarrhea
Difficulty in passing stools (feces)
constipation
Difficulty in swallowing
dysphagia
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
eructation
jaundice
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues (hyperbilirubinemia)
List three ways in which a patient can become jaundiced
Any liver disease
Obstruction of bile flow
Excessive hemolysis
(Refer to LOM page 180, section J 2)
idiopathic
Cause is not known
Mr. Jones, a smoker and heavy drinker, complained of dysphagia in recent months. A longstanding condition of Barrett esophagus resulted in his malignant condition.
Diagnosis:
esophageal cancer
An abnormal tube-like passageway near his anus caused Mr. Rosen’s proctalgia. His doctor performed surgery to close off the abnormality.
Diagnosis:
anal fistula
Carol’s dentist informed her that the enamel of three teeth was damaged by bacteria-producing acid.
Diagnosis:
dental caries
Paola’s symptoms of chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever led to her doctor to suspect that she suffered from an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the distal portion of her ileum. The doctor prescribed steroid drugs to heal her condition.
Diagnosis:
Crohn disease
Mr. Hart learned that his colonoscopy showed the presence of small benign growths protruding from the mucous membrane of his large intestine.
Diagnosis:
colonic polyps
During a routine dental checkup, Dr. Friedman discovered white plaques on Mr. Longo’s buccal mucosa. He advised Mr. Longo, who was a chronic smoker and heavy drinker, to have these precancerous lesions removed.
Diagnosis:
oral leukoplakia
Every time Carl had a stressful time at work, he developed a fever blister (cold sore) on his lip, resulting from reactivation of a previous viral infection. His doctor told him that there was no treatment 100% effective in preventing the reappearance of these lesions.
Diagnosis:
herpetic stomatitis
Mr. Green had a biopsy of a neoplastic lesion in his descending colon. The pathology report indicated a malignancy. A partial colectomy was necessary.
Diagnosis:
colorectal cancer
Small ulcers (canker sores) appeared on Diane’s gums. They were painful and annoying.
Diagnosis:
aphthous stomatitis
Imaging tests revealed a tumor in a selection of Mr. Smith’s pancreas. His physician told him that since it had not spread, he could hope for a cure with surgery. He had a pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple’s procedure), which was successful.
Diagnosis:
pancreatic cancer
Mr. Clark complained of pain during swallowing. His physician explained that the pain was caused by a failure of muscles in his lower esophagus to relax during swallowing.
Diagnosis:
achalasia
Protrustion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
Painful, inflamed intestines caused by bacterial infection
dysentery
Swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region
hemorrhoids
Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach of duodenum
peptic ulcer
Loss of peristalsis
ileus
Twisting of the intestine on itself
volvulus
Swollen varicose veins on the surface of the distal portion of the esophagus
esophageal varices
Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall
diverticulosis
Chronic inflammation of the colon with destruction of its inner surface
ulcerative colitis
Telescoping of the intestines
intussusception
Inflammation of the liver caused by type A, type B, or type C virus
viral hepatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
Calculi in the sac that stores bile
cholecystolithiasis (gallstones)
Chronic degenerative liver disease with scarring resulting from alcoholism or infectious hepatitis
cirrhosis
gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, bloating) with no evidence of structual abnormalities
irritable bowel syndrome
Membrane (peritoneal fold) that holds the intestines together
mesentry
Removal of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
Black or dark brown, tarry stools containing blood
melena
High levels of pigment in the blood (jaundice)
hyperbilirubinema
Pertaining to under the tongue
sublingual
Twisting of the intestine on itself
volvulus
New connection between two previously unconnected tubes
anastomosis
Absence of acid in the stomach
achlorhydria
Return of solids and fluids to the mouth from the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux
Removal of soft tissue hanging from the roof of the mouth
uvulectomy
Formation of stones
lithogenesis
