Chapter 18: Endocrine System: Pathology and Clinical Tests Flashcards
hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis
Graves disease
Most common type of hyperthyroidism
exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeballs; proptosis
hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland
myxedema
Advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. Atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs and practically no hormone is produced. The skin becomes dry and puffy (edema) because of the collection of mucus-like material under the skin
cretinism
Extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal growth, so the affected person has the appearance of an obese, short, and stocky child
thyroid carcinoma
Cancer of the thyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
Excessive production of parathormone
hypoparathyroidism
Deficient production of parathyroid hormone
tetany
Constant muscle contraction
adrenal virilism
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
hirsutism
Excessive hair on the face and body
Cushing syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Addison disease
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor or the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky colour
hyperinsulinism
Excessive secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
diabetes mellitus
DM
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
ketoacidosis
Fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body
insulin shock
Severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased food intake, or excessive exercise
diabetic retinopathy
Destruction of retinal blood vessels
diabetic nephropathy
Destruction of the kidneys
diabetic neuropathy
Destruction of nerves involving pain or loss of sensation
gastroparesis
Loss of gastric motility
gestational diabetes
Can occur in pregnant women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. After delivery, blood glucose usually returns to normal
acromegaly
Hypersection of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities
gigantism
Hypersection of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
dwarfism
Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism
panhypopituitarism
Deficiency of all pituitary hormones
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
diabetes insipidus
DI
Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
fasting blood sugar
fasting plasma glucose
Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
prediabetes
Blood glucose is higher than normal, but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes
glucose tolerance test
Oral test used to diagnose prediabetes and gestational diabetes
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test
Performed by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached, monitors long-term glucose control
serum and urine tests
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function
glucometer
Tests blood glucose levels
urinary microalbumin assay
Urine test to detect amount of albumin in urine as a marker or harbinger of diabetic nephropathy
thyroid function tests
Measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
exophthalmometry
Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer
computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
thyroid scan
Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
ultrasound examination
Sound waves show images of endocrine organs
