Chapter 12: Respiratory System: Pathology and Clinical Procedures Flashcards
auscultation
Listening to sounds within the body
percussion
Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
pleural rub
Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
rales (crackles)
Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation during inhalation when there is fluid in the alveoli
rhonchus
(singular)
rhonchi
(plural)
Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
sputum
Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting
stridor
Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inhalation caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced when breathing
croup
Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor
diphtheria
Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium
epistaxis
Nosebleed
pertussis
Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis
asthma
Chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production
bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection
chronic bronchitis
Inflammatory of bronchi persisting over a long period of time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
cystic fibrosis (CF)
Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally
atelectasis
Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
emphysema
Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
lung cancer
Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
pneumoconiosis
Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
pneumonia
Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
pulmonary abscess
Large collection of bus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
pulmonary edema
Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
anthracosis
Black lung disease (coal dust in the lungs)
asbestosis
Asbestos particles in the lungs
silicosis
Disease due to silica or glass durst in the lungs
pulmonary embolism
Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
pulmonary fibrosis
Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
sarcoidosis
Chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs are usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
bacillus
(singular)
bacilli
(plural)
Rod-shaped bacteria
mesothelioma
Rare malignant rumor arising in the pleura
pleural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
pleurisy (pleuritis)
Inflammation of the pleura
pneumothorax
Collection of air in the pleural space
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs
cor pulmonale
Failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
exudates
Fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation
hydrothorax
Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
infiltrate
Collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image
palliative
Relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
paroxysmal
Pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm of seizure
pulmonary infarction
Area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)
purulent
Containing pus
chest x-ray
Radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
Computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
Magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral (sagittal), and cross-sectional (axial) planes
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
Radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
ventilation-perfusion scan
Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after intravenous injection of a radioisotope and inhalation of a small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
bronchoscopy
Fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes
bronchoalveolar lavage
bronchial washing
Fluid is injected and withdrawn
bronchial brushing
A brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and is used to scrape off tissue
endobronchial ultrasound
Performed during bronchoscopy to diagnose and stage lung cancer
CT pulmonary angiography
Combination of CT scanning and angiography to examine the pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism
endotracheal intubation
Placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the voice box
lung biopsy
Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
mediastinoscopy
Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
pulmonary function tests (PFT’s)
Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs; airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
spirometer
Measures the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lung
obstructive lung disease
Airways are narrowed which results in resistance to air flow during breathing
restrictive lung disease
Expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself
thoracentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
thoracotomy
Large surgical incision of the chest
thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
video-assisted thoracic surgery
Allows the surgeon to view the chest from a video monitor
tracheostomy
Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
tuberculin test
Determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction
tube thoracostomy
A flexible plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest
