Chapter 13: Blood System: Pathology and Laboratory Tests

Question 1

anemia

Answer 1

Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

Question 2

aplastic anemia

Answer 2

Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

Question 3

pancytopenia

Answer 3

Occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes

Question 4

hemolytic anemia

Answer 4

Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

Question 5

congenital spherocytic anemia

hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 5

Erythrocytes become spheroidal instead of their normal biconcave shape

Question 6

pernicious anemia

Answer 6

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

Question 7

sickle cell anemia

Answer 7

Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis

Question 8

thalassemia

Answer 8

Inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia

Question 9

hemochromatosis

Answer 9

Excessive iron deposits throughout the body

Question 10

polycythemia vera

Answer 10

General increase in red blood cells (erythremia)

Question 11

hemophilia

Answer 11

Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting

Question 12

purpura

Answer 12

Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

Question 13

petechia

Answer 13

Tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages

Question 14

ecchymoses

Answer 14

Larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)

Question 15

autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura

Answer 15

Condition in which the patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets

Question 16

leukemia

Answer 16

Increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)

Question 17

acute myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia

Answer 17

Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate. Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of the bone marrow by larger numbers of myeloblasts

Question 18

acute lymphoid leukemia

Answer 18

Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden

Question 19

chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia

Answer 19

Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood

Question 20

chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia

Answer 20

Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

Question 21

remission

Answer 21

Disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease

Question 22

relapse

Answer 22

Occurs when disease symptoms and signs reappear

Question 23

granulocytosis

Answer 23

Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

Question 24

eosinophilia

Answer 24

Increase in eosinophils, seen in certain allergic reactions such as asthma, or in parasitic infections

Question 25

basophilia

Answer 25

Increase in basophils seen in certain types of leukemia

Question 26

mononucleosis

Answer 26

Infections disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Question 27

multiple myeloma

Answer 27

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

Question 28

autologous bone marrow transplantation

Answer 28

The patient serves as his or her own donor for stem cells, which may lead to prolonged remission

Question 29

Bence Jones protein

Answer 29

An immunoglobulin fragment found in urine

Question 30

palliative

Answer 30

Relieving symptoms

Question 31

dyscrasia

Answer 31

disease

Question 32

antiglobulin (Coombs) test

Answer 32

Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

Question 33

bleeding time

Answer 33

Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

Question 34

coagulation time

Answer 34

Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

Question 35

complete blood count

CBC

Answer 35

Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values

Question 36

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer 36

Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

Question 37

hematocrit

Answer 37

Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

Question 38

hemoglobin test

Answer 38

Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

Question 39

platelet count

Answer 39

Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Question 40

prothrombin time

Answer 40

Test of the ability of blood to clot

Question 41

red blood cell count

RBC

Answer 41

Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Question 42

red blood cell morphology

Answer 42

Microscopic examination of a stained blood to smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

Question 43

white blood cell count

WBC

Answer 43

Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Question 44

white blood cell differential

Answer 44

Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood

Question 45

apheresis

Answer 45

Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood

Question 46

blood transfusion

Answer 46

Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

Question 47

bone marrow biopsy

Answer 47

Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

Question 48

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Answer 48

Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

Question 49

graft-versus-host-disease

Answer 49

Serious infection and relapse of the original disease despite the treatment.

Immunocompotent cells in the donor’s tissue recognizes the recipient’s tissues are foreign and attack them