Chapter 13: Blood System: Pathology and Laboratory Tests Flashcards
anemia
Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
aplastic anemia
Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
pancytopenia
Occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia
Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction
congenital spherocytic anemia
hereditary spherocytosis
Erythrocytes become spheroidal instead of their normal biconcave shape
pernicious anemia
Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
sickle cell anemia
Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
thalassemia
Inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia
hemochromatosis
Excessive iron deposits throughout the body
polycythemia vera
General increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
hemophilia
Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting
purpura
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
petechia
Tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages
ecchymoses
Larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura
Condition in which the patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets
leukemia
Increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
acute myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia
Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate. Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of the bone marrow by larger numbers of myeloblasts
acute lymphoid leukemia
Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden
chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia
Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood
chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia
Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
remission
Disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease
relapse
Occurs when disease symptoms and signs reappear
granulocytosis
Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
eosinophilia
Increase in eosinophils, seen in certain allergic reactions such as asthma, or in parasitic infections
basophilia
Increase in basophils seen in certain types of leukemia
mononucleosis
Infections disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
multiple myeloma
Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
autologous bone marrow transplantation
The patient serves as his or her own donor for stem cells, which may lead to prolonged remission
Bence Jones protein
An immunoglobulin fragment found in urine
palliative
Relieving symptoms
dyscrasia
disease
antiglobulin (Coombs) test
Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
bleeding time
Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
coagulation time
Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
complete blood count
CBC
Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
hematocrit
Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
hemoglobin test
Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
platelet count
Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
prothrombin time
Test of the ability of blood to clot
red blood cell count
RBC
Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
red blood cell morphology
Microscopic examination of a stained blood to smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
white blood cell count
WBC
Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
white blood cell differential
Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
apheresis
Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
blood transfusion
Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
bone marrow biopsy
Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
graft-versus-host-disease
Serious infection and relapse of the original disease despite the treatment.
Immunocompotent cells in the donor’s tissue recognizes the recipient’s tissues are foreign and attack them
