Chapter 5: Digestive System: Pronunciation of Terms Flashcards
absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream
achlorhydria
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice
amino acids
The chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis.
They are formed when large protein molecules are digested.
amylase
The enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance
anastomosis
An opening between two tubular organs
anus
The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
appendectomy
Removal or excision of the appendix
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
appendix
Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen
bile
Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Helps digest fats
biliary
Pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts
bilirubin
A yellow-orange pigment found in bile
bowel
Intestine
buccal mucosa
Mucous membrane lining the cheek
canine teeth
Four point dog-like teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw
cecal
Pertaining to the cecum which is the first part of the large intestine
cecum
First part of the large intestine
celiac
Pertaining to the abdoment
cheilitis
Inflammation of the lip
cholecystectomy
Excision or removal of the gallbladder
choledocholithiasis
Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct
choledochojejunostomy
Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum
choledochotomy
Incision of the common bile duct
cholelithiasis
Abnormal condition of forming gallstones
colon
Large intestine
colonic
Pertaining to the colon
colonoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the colon
colostomy
New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
common bile duct
Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine
defecation
Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum
deglutition
swallowing
dentibuccal
Pertaining to the cheek and teeth
dentin
The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
digestion
The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
duodenal
Pertaining to the duodenum
duodenum
The first part of the small intestine
dysentery
Painful inflammation of the intestines, usually the colon
elimination
Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes
emulsification
Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
enamel
White, compact and hard substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth
endodontist
A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth
enterocolitis
Inflammation of the small intestine and colon
enterocolostomy
New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis
enzyme
Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction
esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
esophagus
Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
fatty acids
Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat
facial
Pertaining to the face
feces
Solid wastes; stools
gallbladder
Small sac lying below the liver in which the bile is stored
gastrointestinal tract
The tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
gastrojejunostomy
New surgical opening between the stomach and jejunum.
The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.
gastrostomy
New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
Gluconeogenesis
Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
glucose
Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells
glycogen
Storage form of glucose; it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells
glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
hepatoma
Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
hydrochloric acid
Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids in digestion
hyperbilirubinemia
High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream; jaundice
hyperglycemia
High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus
hypoglossal
Pertaining to under the tongue
ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum
ileocecal sphincter
Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum
ileostomy
Surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall
ileum
Third and final portion of the small intestine
insulin
Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas.
Facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells
jejunum
Second part of the small intestine
labial
Pertaining to the lip
laparoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions
lipase
Enzyme that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum
lithogenesis
Formation of stone (calculi)
liver
Large, reddish-brown organ in the RUQ of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars
lower esophageal sphincter
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
mastication
Process of chewing
mesentery
Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal body wall
oral
Pertaining to the mouth
orthodontist
Dentist specializing in straightening teeth
palate
Roof of the mouth
palatopharyngoplasty
A procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose
palatoplasty
Surgical repair of the palate
pancreas
Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells
pancreatitis
Inflammation the pancreas
papillae
Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
parenteral
Pertaining to by some route other than through gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection
parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
perianal
Pertaining to surrounding the anus
periodontist
Dentist specializing in treating the gums
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
peristalsis
Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx or throat
pharynx
Throat; common passageway for food from the mouth
portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
postprandial
After meals
proctologist
Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum
protease
Enzyme that digests protein
pulp
Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
pyloroplasty
Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
pylorus
Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum
rectocele
Hernia of the wall of the rectum
rectum
Final section of the colon
rugae
Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth
saliva
Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands
salivary glands
Three (3) pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth: parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands
sialadenitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland
sialolith
Salivary gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct
sigmoid colon
Distal, lower end of the colon
sigmoidoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon
sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice
steatorrhea
Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat
stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth
sublingual
Pertaining to under the tongue
submandibular
Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)
triglycerides
Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells
uvula
Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth
uvulectomy
Removal of the uvula
villi
Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids
achalasia
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs
anal fistula
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
anorexia
Lack of appetite
aphthous stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores
ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
cholelithiasis
Abnormal condition of gallstones
cirrhosis
Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
colonic polyposis
Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
constipation
Difficulty in passing feces
Chron disease
Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness, and weight loss
dental caries
Tooth decary
diarrhea
Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
diverticula
Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula
diverticulosis
Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
eructation
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
esophageal varices
Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus
etiology
Study of the cause of disease
flatus
Gas expelled through the anus
gastric carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of movement
hematochezia
Passage of bright red blood from the rectum
hemorrhoids
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
herpetic stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters
hiatal hernia
Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm
icterus
Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
idiopathic
Pertaining to unknown cause of disease
ileus
Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease
Severe inflammation of the small and large intestines
inguinal hernia
A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle
intussusception
One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoinining part; telescoping of the intestines
irritable bowel syndrome
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension
jaundice
Yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood
melena
Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood
nausea
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
odynophagia
Painful swallowing
oral leukoplakia
White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
periodontal disease
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
peptic ulcer
Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum
ulcerative colitis
Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers
viral hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine upon itself