Chapter 3: Cell Structure - Eukaryotes Flashcards
What microorganisms are eukaryotes? (3)
- algae
- fungi
- protozoa
What higher organisms are eukaryotes? (2)
- plants
- animals
How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes? (3)
- larger and more complex than prokaryotes
- genetic material is housed in a nucleus
- contains membrane-bound organelles
What does the eukaryotic cell membrane contain? (3)
- same basic structure as in prokaryotic cells
- phospholipids, proteins, and sterols
What do the sterols in the cell membrane do?
- makes the membrane relatively rigid in comparison to bacteria
What is the function of the cell wall?
- not all eukaryotes have a cell wall
- allows for endocytosis
What is the structure of the eukaryotic cell wall? (2)
- simple in structure compared to bacteria
- cellulose (algae and plants)
- chitin (fungi)
What is the cytoplasm?
- substance inside the plasma membrane but outside the nuclear membrane
The cytoplasm has a complex internal structure called the _____.
cytoskeleton
What is the cytoskeleton?
- protein filaments on the inside of the plasma mebrane
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
- provides support and shape
- transports substances through the cell
What is different about ribosomes in eukaryotes than in bacteria? (2)
- larger and heavier
80S
What are microfilaments made of, and who do they interact with?
- made of strands of protein called actin
- interact with other strands of protein
What are intermediate filaments?
- fibrous proteins organized into tough, ropelike assemblies that stabilize a cell’s structure and help maintain its shape
What are microtubules?
- long, hollow cylinders made of many molecules of tubulin
- tubulin consists of two subunits, aplha and beta tubulin
What are membrane-bound organelles?
- structure with specialized functions
- not present in bacteria
Give 3 examples of membrane-bound organelles
- nucleus (holds genetic material)
- mitochondria (site of energy production)
- chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis in algae and plants)
Do plants have mitochondria?
YES
appendages external to the cell: What are flagella and Cilia? (2)
- long, flexible projections that contain protein and cytoplasm
- move in a whip-like fashion
Appendages external to the cell: What is the function of flagella and cilia?
- used for motility and sweeping material past stationary cells
What are general characteristics of PROKARYOTIC flagella? (3)
- made of protein subunits
- protrude through cell wall and cell membrane
- stiff, twirl like a propeller
