Chapter 18: Applications of Immune Responses - Continued Flashcards
1
Q
What are adjuvants?
A
- chemical additives that increase the immune response
- improved response to vaccines
ex. H1N1 vaccine adjuvant made from shark cartilage
2
Q
What is herd immunity?
A
- people who have not been vaccinated still have a reduced change of contracting disease
3
Q
When does herd immunity occur?
A
- most often occurs for viruses with only a human reservoir
4
Q
Why does herd immunity occur?
A
- if the herd does not carry the disease (because of vaccination) then non-immunized individuals will not get the disease
5
Q
What does herd immunity result in?
A
- many parents choose to not have their children vaccinated
- herd immunity breaks down, so disease occurs
6
Q
What is the problem associated with herd immunity?
A
most parents have never actually seen a case of Polio or Measles
7
Q
What does Polio result in?
A
- 99% of cases have only mild symptoms
- 1% of cases results in paralytic poliomyelitis
8
Q
What are the symptoms of polio? (2)
A
- extremities can be permanently impaired
- respiratory muscles can be paralyzed, causing death
9
Q
What type of infection are measles?
A
- respiratory infection
10
Q
What are the symptoms of measles? (3)
A
- characteristic rash
- can cause permanent brain damage
- late complications include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
11
Q
How many people does measles kill annually?
A
- approximately 200 000 (mostly children) a year
