8.9-8.11 Flashcards
is the period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, ___
Adolescence, self-supporting adult
Is the period of rapid growth and sexual development that kicks off in adolescence, typically between ages
Puberty; 8 and 14.
Factors like ____(such as diet and exercise) play an important role in determining the timing of puberty.
heredity and environmental influences
Puberty begins around age ___for girls and ___ for boys, gradually decreasing over time since the 19th century.
10-11; 11-12
The extension of adolescence has even led to the concept of___, spanning roughly ages 18 to 29, bridging the gap between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood.
emerging adulthood
Puberty involves physiology shifts in height, weight, body composition, and circulatory, and respiratory systems.
Both____mature during this time.
Hormonal Changes; adrenal glands and sex
___ surges in girls, while ___ surges in boys.
Estrogen; testosterone
Hormones serve an ____(priming the body for behavioral changes) and an ___(triggering specific physical and behavioral shifts.
organizational function ; activational function
After about ___, the physical changes of puberty are relatively complete.
4 years
However, the development of the brain continues well into the ___.
early 20s
The ___, responsible for impulse control, decision making, and understanding information, doesn’t fully develop until about age .
prefrontal cortex; 25
In adolescence, ____ undergoes significant shifts, impacting self-perception, peer relationships, and worldview.
cognitive development
___becomes possible, allowing teenagers to contemplate hypothetical situations and envision an “ideal” world.
Abstract thinking
Adolescents, especially those receiving a formal high school education, may transition into Piaget’s final stage of formal operations.
Piaget’s Formal Operations Revisited:
While adolescents move toward adult-style thinking, they are not entirely free from ___ thought.
During this phase, egocentrism manifests in their preoccupation with their own thoughts.
egocentric
Adolescents engage in introspection, often convinced that their thoughts hold equal importance for others.
Egocentrism Persists
Two key aspects of adolescent egocentrism are the ____
personal fable and the imaginary audience.
Often believe they are unique, one-of-a-kind, and that their thoughts and feelings are unparalleled.
The phrase “You just don’t understand me, I’m different from you” resonates with many teens.
Personal Fable
Extreme self-conciousness characterizes adolescence.
They believe everyone is constantly observing them.
In their minds, they are the center of everyone else’s world, just as they are the center of their own.
Imaginary Audience
____, a Harvard University professor, built upon Piaget’s work and proposed a theory of moral development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg studied how people of different ages responded to moral dilemmas, examining their moral reasoning.
Three Levels of Moral Development (Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, Postconventional Morality)
Morality is based on consequences.
Actions that lead to rewards are considered right, while those resulting in punishment are wrong.
Preconventional Morality (Very Young Children)
Morality aligns with societal rules.
An action is morally right if it conforms to established norms, and wrong if it violates them.
Conventional Morality (Older Children, Adolescents, and Most Adults):
Morality is determined by personal experiences and judgment, even if it conflicts with societal rules.
Individuals consider higher principles beyond mere conventions.
Postconventional Morality (About One Fifth of the Adult Population}
is the fifth stage in psychologist Erik Eriksoon’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs typically between the ages of 12 and 18.
Erikson’s Identity Versus Role Confusion
It is characterized by asking the fundamental question:
Who am I?
The goal is to establish a consistent___amidst these choices.
sense of self
The conscious sense of self that develops through social interaction.
It encompasses experiences, relationships, beliefs, values, and memories.
Identity
A feeling of continuity within oneself and in interactions with others.
Self-sameness:
: A framework to differentiate between oneself and others.
Uniqueness
Teens who struggle with identity formation may experience ___
role confusion.
___ can significantly impact teenagers who yearn to “fit in” and adopt a specific identity.
Peer pressure
During adolescence, the journey toward self-discovery often involves conflict with parents.
Parent-Teen Conflict
Researchers emphasize that a certain amount of rebellion and conflict is essential.
It serves as a necessary step in breaking away from childhood and dependence oon parents.
Adolescents strive toward becoming self-sufficient adults.
This rebellion isn’t always as intense as it may seem.
Purposeful Rebellion
Contrary to dramatic expectations, most parent-teen conflicts revolve around seemingly trivial matter:
The Trivial Turbulence
On the big moral issues, parents and teens often find themselves in agreement.
Their values align more than they realize.
Shared Moral Ground
